Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Mast Cells: Revisited Study

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It has been reported that high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides are associated with increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and shorter life. In fact, vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs during the human aging process. Accumulation of lipids in vascular endothelium activates leukocytes to produce cytokines and chemokines which recruit macrophages. On the other hand, macrophages augment inflammatory response and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor, a key cytokine that mediates angiogenesis and inflammatory response. In addition, hyperlipidaemia is one of the main risk factors for aging, hypertension and diabetes. Here, we review the interrelationship between endothelial cells, high level of cholesterol, and aging.

Section: Fig 1 Pathogenesis Ofatherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Cells, Cholesterol, Cytokines, and Aging

Tetè

Tripodi

Rosati

et al. 2012

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“…However, IL-4 induces pro-inflammatory environments by overexpressing a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-I), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-I (MCP-I), and IL-6 in human vascular endothelial cells. IL-4 is also important for the synthesis of immunoglobulin E by B-Iymphocytes and plasma cells and promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Therefore , it acts at a proximal and critical site in the allergic response.…”

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confidence: 99%

IL-37 (IL-1F7) the Newest Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Which Suppresses Immune Responses and Inflammation

Tetè

Tripodi

Rosati

et al. 2012

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Cytokines such as interleukins, chemokines and interferons are immunomodulating and inflammatory agents, characterized by considerable redundancy, in that many cytokines appear to share similar functions. Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially epithelial cells and macrophages, are potent producers of cytokines. The objective of this study is to review the detailed mechanism of action and the biological profiles of IL-37, the newest anti-inflammatory cytokine. This review focuses on IL-37, a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory responses, mainly by inhibiting the expression, production and function of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1 family pro-inflammatory effects are markedly suppressed by IL-37.

“…chemokines, and cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF (9). Mast cells are the only immune cells that store preformed TNF (11). Neuro-immunoendocrine activation of mast cells in animal models can lead to disruption of both the gut-blood and blood-brain barriers (BBB) (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Case Series of a Luteolin Formulation (Neuroprotek®) in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Asadi

Panagiotidou

2012

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105

There has been an impressive, little understood increase in cases of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The lack of any distinctive pathogenetic mechanism has hampered the development of any effective treatments. Increasing evidence indicates oxidative stress, brain inflammation, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and allergic symptoms may be present in ASD patients. The flavone luteolin has antioxidant, anti-flammatory, anti-allergy and neuroprotective properties. Given these findings, a dietary supplement was developed with a unique mixture of luteolin with the related flavonoids quercetin and rutin in a liposomal formulation of olive kernel oil (OKO), which increases their absorption. Results are presented for children with ASD (n=37, 4-14 years old) who had not obtained any benefit from multiple other regimens and who used this formulation for at least 4 months. GI and allergy symptoms improved in about 75% of children, eye contact and attention in 50%, social interaction in 25% and resumption of speech in about 10%. There were no adverse effects. Even though these results represent an uncontrolled open case series, they are encouraging because they suggest good tolerability and potential effectiveness.