Tumor Microenvironment–Dependent ¹⁸F-FDG, ¹⁸F-Fluorothymidine, and ¹⁸F-Misonidazole Uptake: A Pilot Study in Mouse Models of Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Positron emission tomography to assess hypoxia and perfusion in lung cancer

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A model System for Validation of PET Radiopharmaceuticals: Focusing on Tumor Microenvironment

“…However, the results have been mixed. This is probably due to: 1) solid cancers have highly complex and heterogeneous microenvironment [15][16][17], it is impossible to generate two individual tumors with the same or similar microenvironment components and, subsequently, to compare the radiopharmaceuticals uptake in different tumors; 2) temporal change of tumor microenvironment may occur in a very short of interval of natural growth process of cancer and metastases, serial PET scans where the same tumor is probed with different tracers, separated by some time interval, are also problematic [18].…”

“…It is established that solid cancers have highly complex and heterogeneous microenvironment [15][16][17] composed of viable cancer cells, stroma, necrosis and many other factors. Viable cancer cells are either hypoxic or well oxygenated [15,16,18,19], the distribution of proliferative cells are also heterogeneous [8,10,[18][19][20][21]. In this review, we focused on the discussion of hypoxia, proliferation and perfusion microenvironment factors of cancer and metastases in animal model and its usefulness in PET tracers validation.…”

“…Current radiopharmaceuticals such as 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG), 18 F-fluorothymidine ( 18 F-FLT) and 18 F-misonidasole ( 18 F-FMISO) are commonly used PET tracers for cancer management. However, no tracer is conclusively superior in the management of cancer.…”

“…In this review, we focused on the discussion of hypoxia, proliferation and perfusion microenvironment factors of cancer and metastases in animal model and its usefulness in PET tracers validation. We initially introduced the generation of cancer and metastases models in nude mice, then characterization of hypoxia, proliferation, perfusion, stroma and necrosis in cancer and metastasis using histological/immunohistochemical techniques, and finally, the relationship of radiopharmaceuticals accumulation and microenvironmenttal factors [18].…”