Tumor markers of bladder cancer: the schistosomal bladder tumors versus non-schistosomal bladder tumors

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to comparatively elucidate the underlying molecular pathways and clinicopathological criteria in schistosomal bladder tumor (SBT) versus nonschistosomal bladder tumor (NSBT).

Protein expression and gene promoter hypermethylation of CD99 in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

“…The neoplastic changes in the urothelium of bladder are a multistep phenomenon. The exact genetic events leading to urothelial transformation involve the activation of oncogenes, inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes, and alterations in the apoptotic gene products (Abdulamir et al 2009). These tumors are believed to arise as a consequence of irreversible damages of the DNA, continued division, and proliferation.…”

Loss of Imprinting as an Epigenetic Marker in Bladder Cancer

“…Abdulamir et al [148] profiled the molecular markers in schistosomal and nonschistosomal bladder tumors and found lower expression levels of Rb protein in patient tumors not caused by parasitic infection and an association between down-regulation of the protein and late stages of the disease (III and IV) in the schistosomal and invasive non-schistosomal bladder tumors. These findings support the hypothesis that the Rb protein can be used as a prognostic marker and distinguish a tumor caused by infection from a tumor not caused by infection.…”

Urogenital Schistosomiasis: No Longer a Diagnosis of the Developing World

“…Fibrosis, cystitis and strictures associated with the bladder and ureter, as well as hydronephrosis and renal failure are sequelae of advanced disease. Carcinoma of the bladder is also a late complication [9,11]. Women may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia, and nodules of the vulva [5].…”