Tumor budding in gastric cancer

Abstract

The tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) staging system has long been the gold standard for the classification and prognosis of solid tumors. However, the TNM staging system is not without limitations. Prognostic heterogeneity exists within patients at the same stage. Therefore, the pursuit of other biomarkers with the potential to classify patients with cancer has never stopped. One of them, tumor budding (TB), has gained much success in colorectal cancer. In recent years, TB in gastric cancer has attracted much attention from researchers, beginning to reveal the molecular and biological aspects of this phenomenon in gastric cancer, and has emerged as a promising prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer, predicting disease progression and unfavorable survival. Therefore, it is time and essential to provide a holistic overview of TB in gastric cancer, which has not been achieved and is the aim of this review.

New Tumor Budding Evaluation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas

“…TB has already been investigated in many tumors (colon carcinoma, gastric cancer, urothelial carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, endometrial carcinoma, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In many tumors, the TB score is associated with a worse prognosis [13][14][15][16][17][18]. There is also evidence to suggest that TB in HNSCC has a predictive benefit, with regard to different tumor localizations [19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”