Tumor-Associated Microenvironment of Adult Gliomas: A Review

Abstract

The glioma-associated tumor microenvironment involves a multitude of different cells ranging from immune cells to endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells surrounding the primary tumor. The interactions between these cells and glioblastoma (GBM) have been deeply investigated while very little data are available on patients with lower-grade gliomas. In these tumors, it has been demonstrated that the composition of the microenvironment differs according to the isocitrate dehydrogenase status (mutated/wild type), the presence/absence of codeletion, and the expression of specific alterations including H3K27 and/or other gene mutations. In addition, mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment sustains the growth and proliferation of glioma cells are still partially unknown. Nonetheless, a better knowledge of the tumor-associated microenvironment can be a key issue in the optic of novel therapeutic drug development.

Biomimetic three-dimensional glioma model printed in vitro for the studies of glioma cells and neurons interactions

“…In clinical cases, glioma cells are found to be wrapped with neurons to form a double-layer spherical glioma tissue ( Figure 1A [ 29 ] ). Bearing such architecture in mind, the design of a novel bioprinted glioma in vitro 3D model (G/N) was advanced as depicted in Figure 1B .…”

“… Diagram of glioma microenvironment and the bioprinted 3D models. (A) Diagram of glioma microenvironment, in which glioma cells are wrapped with neurons [ 29 ] . (B) The bioprinted glioma in vitro 3D model with glioma cells in the inner layer and neurons in the outer layer (G/N) (d = 8 mm, D = 12 mm).…”

Advances in the application of manganese dioxide and its composites for theranostics

“…Due to its high propensity for medication resistance and metastasis, the glioma is among the most fatal and threatening malignancies. 145 Fu et al 146 synthesized multifunctional hyaluronic acid–MnO 2 nanoparticles (HA-MnO 2 NPs) by mixing sodium permanganate with aqueous hyaluronic acid (Fig. 9b).…”

The Biological and Clinical Role of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Glioblastoma: A Potential Therapeutic Target?

“…In mouse models of colon cancer, lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the 6-thio-dG induces immunogenic cell death [ 54 ]. This mechanism could be crucial to switching an immunologically cold tumor microenvironment into a hot tumor microenvironment [ 58 , 59 ]. Recent studies demonstrated the promising efficacy of a sequential administration of 6-thio-dG and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) plus an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HCC [ 54 ].…”