Tumor-Associated CD19+CD39− B Regulatory Cells Deregulate Class-Switch Recombination to Suppress Antibody Responses

Abstract

B cells are an essential component of humoral immunity. Their primary function is to mount antigen-specific antibody responses to eliminate pathogens. Despite an increase in B-cell number, we found that serum-IgG levels were low in breast cancer patients. To solve this conundrum, we used high-dimensional flow-cytometry to analyse the heterogeneity of B-cell populations and identified a tumor-specific CD19+CD24hiCD38hi IL10-producing B regulatory (Breg) cell subset. Although IL10 is a Breg-cell marker, being an intracellular protein, it is of limited value for Breg-cell isolation. Highly-expressed Breg cell–surface proteins CD24 and CD38 also impede the isolation of viable Breg cells. These are hurdles that limit understanding of Breg-cell functions. Our transcriptomic analysis identified, CD39-negativity as an exclusive, sorting-friendly surface marker for tumor-associated Breg cells. We found that the identified CD19+CD39–IL10+ B-cell population was suppressive in nature as it limited T helper–cell proliferation, type-1 cytokine production, and T effector–cell survival, and augmented CD4+FOXP3+ Treg-cell generation. These tumor-associated Breg cells were also found to restrict autologous T follicular helper (Tfh)-cell expansion and IL21 secretion, thereby inhibiting germinal transcript formation and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression involved in H-chain class-switch recombination. This isotype-switching abnormality was shown to hinder B-cell differentiation into class-switched memory B cells and subsequent high-affinity antibody-producing plasma B cells, which collectively led to the dampening of IgG-mediated antibody responses in cancer patients. As low IgG is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients, Breg-cell depletion could be a promising future therapy for boosting plasma B cell–mediated antibody responses.

Breast cancer stem cells generate immune-suppressive T regulatory cells by secreting TGFβ to evade immune-elimination

“…The CFSE-labelled T cells were either resuspended in complete media directly or plated with CSC-induced Treg at a 1:2 ratio for 72 h at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 . The percent CFSE + T cells was calculated by a FACSVerse cytometer [ 29 ].…”

Immune evasion by cancer stem cells ensures tumor initiation and failure of immunotherapy

“…B cells also interact with T cells and cluster in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within tumors, where naive T cells are assumed to be activated, implying that B cells may play a role in antitumor immunity by collaborating with T cells [135]. Beside antitumoral activity of B cells, an emerging body of evidence has recently demonstrated a pro-tumoral B cell-subset are designated as B-regulatory (Breg) cells [136]. It was also found that Breg cells deregulates class switching recombination to suppress antibody response in cancer patients [137].…”