Tularemia Pneumonia

Thomas, Lora D.; Schaffner, William

doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.012

Cited by 65 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In humans the onset of Type A infection is often sudden and is characterized by chills, high fever, dyspnea, cough, pharyngitis, chest pain, headache, profuse sweating, and general weakness. If this is the case, the patient's condition is extremely severe, symptoms and signs may mimic those of typhoid fever, and the changes are highly variable [168][169][170]. Infections induced by Type B differ from infections caused by the Type A subspecies.…”

Section: The Disease -Signs and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

Kubelková

Macela

2015

Open Life Sciences

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Tularemia is a debilitating febrile and potentially fatal zoonotic disease of humans and other vertebrates caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The natural reservoirs are small rodents, hares, and possibly amoebas in water. The etiological agent, Francisella tularensis, is a non-spore forming, encapsulated, facultative intracellular bacterium, a member of the γ-Proteobacteria class of Gram-negative bacteria. Francisella tularensis is capable of invading and replicating within phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells and modulate inflammatory response. Infection by the pulmonary, dermal, or oral routes, respectively, results in pneumonic, ulceroglandular, or oropharyngeal tularemia. The highest mortality rates are associated with the pneumonic form of this disease. All members of Francisella tularensis species cause more or less severe disease Due to their abilities to be transmitted to humans via multiple routes and to be disseminated via biological aerosol that can cause the disease after inhalation of even an extremely low infectious dose, Francisella tularensis has been classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent. The current standard of care for tularemia is treatment with antibiotics, as this therapy is highly effective if used soon after infection, although it is not, however, absolutely effective in all cases.

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Section: The Disease -Signs and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

Kubelková

Macela

2015

Open Life Sciences

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“…Francisella tularensis is a nonmotile, aerobic, gramnegative coccobacillus [44]. There are 4 subspecies.…”

Section: Tularemia (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be transmitted through a bite from an infected arthropod or handling of infected animal carcass, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or inhalation of droplets [44], and respectively patients can present with ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, typhoidal, or pneumonic tularemia [45]. The incubation period usually comprises 3 to 6 days.…”

Section: Tularemia (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oculoglandular tularemia ensues after inoculation of the organism through the conjunctiva, with painful conjunctivitis, and preauricular, submandibular, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Oropharyngeal tularemia occurs after consuming contaminated food, with painful exudative pharyngitis and tonsillitis [44,45,47]. Pneumonic tularemia is similar to an atypical pneumonia with abrupt onset of constitutional symptoms and a nonproductive cough [48].…”

Section: Tularemia (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the regional lymph nodes, the organisms spread to various organs, such as the liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, intestines, CNS [44,45]. It would be the most likely form to be encountered after use of francisella tularensis as a bioweapon.…”

Section: Tularemia (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological agents to cause disease, death, or environmental damage. Early recognition of a bioterrorist attack is of utmost importance to minimize casualties and initiate appropriate therapy. The range of agents that could potentially be used as weapons is wide, however, only a few of these agents have all the characteristics making them ideal for that purpose. Many of the chemical and biological weapons can cause neurological symptoms and damage the nervous system in varying degrees. Therefore, preparedness among neurologists is important. The main challenge is to be cognizant of the clinical syndromes and to be able to differentiate diseases caused by bioterrorism from naturally occurring disorders. This review provides an overview of the biological and chemical warfare agents, with a focus on neurological manifestation and an approach to treatment from a perspective of neurological critical care.

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An overview of the lagomorph immune system and its genetic diversity

et al. 2015

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Our knowledge of the lagomorph immune system remains largely based upon studies of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a major model for studies of immunology. Two important and devastating viral diseases, rabbit hemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis, are affecting European rabbit populations. In this context, we discuss the genetic diversity of the European rabbit immune system and extend to available information about other lagomorphs. Regarding innate immunity, we review the most recent advances in identifying interleukins, chemokines and chemokine receptors, Toll-like receptors, antiviral proteins (RIG-I and Trim5), and the genes encoding fucosyltransferases that are utilized by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus as a portal for invading host respiratory and gut epithelial cells. Evolutionary studies showed that several genes of innate immunity are evolving by strong natural selection. Studies of the leporid CCR5 gene revealed a very dramatic change unique in mammals at the second extracellular loop of CCR5 resulting from a gene conversion event with the paralogous CCR2. For the adaptive immune system, we review genetic diversity at the loci encoding antibody variable and constant regions, the major histocompatibility complex (RLA) and T cells. Studies of IGHV and IGKC genes expressed in leporids are two of the few examples of trans-species polymorphism observed outside of the major histocompatibility complex. In addition, we review some endogenous viruses of lagomorph genomes, the importance of the European rabbit as a model for human disease studies, and the anticipated role of next-generation sequencing in extending knowledge of lagomorph immune systems and their evolution.

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Tularemia Pneumonia

Cited by 65 publications

References 37 publications

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

An overview of the lagomorph immune system and its genetic diversity

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