Kidney enlargement in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats is well documented [1][2][3][4]. This growth is mainly due to hyperplasia and to a lesser extent to cellular hypertrophy [2,5]. After insulin treatment and normalization of blood glucose concentration (BGS), kidney weight and glomerular volume decrease [6]. However, little is known about how fast the morphology changes following normalization of BG by insulin treatment and about the morphology of the diabetic kidney after insulin treatment or fasting.In the present study, quantitative estimation of each tissue component was performed during experimental diabetes and during insulin treatment. The results were compared with the kidney weight response and morphology in fasted diabetic animals and with the kidney weight and morphology in normal animals with hyperglycaemia induced by i. v. glucose injection.Information on kidney morphology in hyperglycaemia and normoglycaemia is a prerequisite to understanding better the physiological abnormalities found in diabetic patients. Diabetologia (1997) 40: 802-809 Quantitative morphology of the rat kidney during diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment Summary A morphometric study was performed on moderately hyperglycaemic streptozotocin diabetic rats after 10 and 50 days of diabetes, and on groups of rats that, after initial hyperglycaemia for 50 days, were insulin treated for 2 h or for 5, 15 or 38 days. A group of hyperglycaemic diabetic animals were fasted for 18 h. Another group of rats had acute hyperglycaemia induced by intravenous glucose injection. After 10 and 50 days of diabetes, kidney weight was increased by 55 and 93 %. Glomerular volume, tubule length, and tubular and interstitial volume increased in diabetic animals compared with controls. After 4 h insulin treatment, the kidney weight was 20 % decreased; after 5 days it was 31 % decreased. After 38 days the kidney weight was still 26 % greater than in controls. In diabetic animals, 18 h fasting induced a 30 % decrease in kidney weight. In normal animals, acute hyperglycaemia induced a 22 % increase in kidney weight. Volume fractions of most kidney structures remained similar in all groups. However, the glomerular volume fraction was smaller during kidney enlargement, and the tubular volume fraction was larger after induced hyperglycaemia compared with controls. In conclusion, high blood glucose levels in diabetic and normal animals are associated with increased kidney weight. In hyperglycaemic diabetic animals, normalization of blood glucose after insulin treatment or fasting was followed by a decrease in kidney weight. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 802-809] Keywords Diabetes mellitus, experimental, kidney, diabetic nephropathy, morphometry.Received: 14 October 1996 and in revised form: 4 April 1997Corresponding author: Dr. R. Rasch, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Building 234, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Abbreviations: CN, Controls; DH10, diabetic, hyperglycaemic for 10 days; DH50, diabetic, hyperglycaemic for 5...