Tubular micromotors: from microjets to spermbots

Magdanz, Veronika; Guix, Maria; Schmidt, Oliver G.

doi:10.1186/s40638-014-0011-6

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to the previously reported fabrication methodologies, 23,34 which not only employed complex multistep processes but also used high end fabrication facilities, the proposed methodology is simple and economic. Importantly, the use of paper as a building block made the microjet biocompatible and biodegradable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 In general, the microjets are fabricated by rolling up the membranes of relatively inert materials such as the titanium, polycarbonate and aluminum oxide coated with active metal films. 23 The rolling is done in such a manner that the inert layer forms the outer shell while the active layers stay inside the hollow core. Interestingly, when the tubular microjets are placed inside a bath of peroxide fuel (dilute hydrogen peroxide -H 2 O 2 ), the active layers catalytically decomposes the H 2 O 2 to produce a stream of oxygen (O 2 ) bubbles from the hollow inner core.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies suggest that fabrication of the microengines are multistep processes and needs facilities such as template-assisted electrodeposition, electron beam evaporation and photolithography. [23][24][25] Clearly, a simpler and cost-effective methodology to fabricate the microengines is more preferred option to provide further impetus on the applicability and commercialization of these devices. In this direction, inspired by the recent research works on the paper-based microfluidics, 26 we report the synthesis of a paper microjet, which shows locomotion under the chemical and magnetic triggers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetically guided chemical locomotion of self-propelling paperbots

2015

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Self-propelling microjets with multimodal chemical and magnetic controls on the motion were prepared from the printed waste papers coated with MnO2 nanoparticles. While the magnetic remote control was infused from the ferromagnetic coating of the printer ink, the nanoparticles decomposed peroxide fuel to induce locomotion by ejecting oxygen bubbles though the microjet. The paper microjets could be loaded with the fluorescent rhodamine 6G (R6G), a model payload, before remotely guided through an external magnetic field inside fluidic environment. The reported methodology provides an economic, scalable, and biodegradable scheme for the design and development of bubble-propelled microengines, which are capable of directed locomotion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetically guided chemical locomotion of self-propelling paperbots

2015

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“…The use of autonomous micropropellers as carriers of potential interest for biomedical applications was first reported in tubular micromotors . The first proofs of concept came with the mechanical single cell capture in the micromotor's opening, and lately by selective capture of certain cells or bacteria of interest in the microtube outer surface by chemical functionalization of their outer surface.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Propelled Micro/Nanoparticle Motors

Guix

Weiz

Schmidt

et al. 2018

Part & Part Syst Charact

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resulted in a forward motion. Here, the thermodynamic forces act over the inertial thrust. Variations of this motion principle have been reported over the last decade and they will be discussed accordingly in the following sections depending on the micromotor design and the energy source used for its propulsion (i.e., concentration gradient, electric fields, magnetic fields, thermal gradients). Additionally, different approaches to improve the performance in terms of velocity, control, lifetime, and functionality will be covered. However, there are certain constraints on the synthetic autonomous nano-and microparticle performance, such as poor interaction with the surrounding environment (i.e., biological entities) and lack of sensing capabilities, in addition to low lifespan or related toxicity issues. Therefore, biohybrid particulate micromotors appear as a promising solution to overcome such hurdles. They take advantage of the tailored and advanced functions of biological cells or microorganism, such as self-propulsion, sensing, and cargo capabilities, as well as their ability to interact with other cells. Together with the controllability of engineered microobjects, hybrid micro-and nanomotors represent a promising tool for diverse biomedical and environmental applications, where the main power source comes from their natural environment. [11] As shown in Figure 1, in this review we classify micro-and nanoparticle micromotors in two main categories: synthetic and biohybrids. The synthetic micromotors are then divided according to their propulsion mechanism, as follows: those propelled by a catalytic reaction, by optical stimuli, under magnetic fields, with ultrasound steering, electricity, and thermophoresis, respectively. Likewise, the biohybrids are classified as those propelled by bacteria and those employing enzymes as main energy source, respectively. Additionally, we point out the different methods that have been proposed during the last decade to guide the particles and the related collective behavior. We also discuss the potential applications and remaining challenges in the final section of the review. Synthetic Micro/Nanoparticle MotorsThe development of the first sphere-like synthetic micro-and nanomachines with their rotationally symmetric shape was particularly challenging. As per se, they contradict the first rule in the design of microscale devices aiming to perform an effective motility in response to specific energy input: they must present asymmetry. Such symmetry breaking can be associated with shape or the distribution of a certain reactive The growing interest in the design and fabrication of novel autonomous micro-and nanoparticles is motivated by the vast advances in their motion efficiency and their further implementation in both biomedical and environmental fields. The present review covers the motion principle and fabrication procedures of synthetic and hybrid particle-like micromotors reported to date to give a comprehensive view of the key design parameters and different approaches...

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“…[20,21] Recent efforts have illustrated that spermatozoa can be used to develop hybrid microrobots by loading them within tubular or helical magnetic structures, which offer direction control. [22,23] These hybrid robots utilize primarily the biological propulsion of the sperm as the power source. [24] Upon completion of our work, a related study was published describing the use of sperm cells for drug delivery.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adbi201700160mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotactic Guidance of Synthetic Organic/Inorganic Payloads Functionalized Sperm Micromotors

et al. 2017

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The preparation and operation of free swimming functionalized sperm micromotors (FSFSMs) as intelligent self‐guided biomotors with intrinsic chemotactic motile behavior are reported. The natural sperm biomotors are functionalized with a wide variety of synthetic nanoscale payloads, such as CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, doxorubicin hydrochloride drug coated iron‐oxide nanoparticles, and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐modified Pt nanoparticles via endocytosis. The FSFSMs display efficient self‐propulsion in various biological and environmental media with controllable swarming behavior upon exposure to a chemical attractant. As a new class of environmentally responsive smart biomotors, the control of the FSFSM speed is achieved by varying the solution osmolarity that leads to different flagellar lengths. High drug loading capacity and responsive release kinetics are obtained with such sperm biomotors. The transport of synthetic cargo can be guided by the intrinsic chemotaxis of the FSFSMs. The chemotactic characteristics, speed control mechanism, and responsive payload release of the FSFSMs are investigated. Such use of free swimming functionalized sperm cells as intelligent microscale biomotors offers considerable potential for diverse biomedical and environmental applications.

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Tubular micromotors: from microjets to spermbots

Cited by 37 publications

References 67 publications

Magnetically guided chemical locomotion of self-propelling paperbots

Magnetically guided chemical locomotion of self-propelling paperbots

Self‐Propelled Micro/Nanoparticle Motors

Chemotactic Guidance of Synthetic Organic/Inorganic Payloads Functionalized Sperm Micromotors

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