Tuberculous granulomatous inflammation of parathyroid adenoma manifested as primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report and a review of the literature

Salih, Abdulwahid; Qaradakhy, Aras; Hassan, Shko; Abdullah, Ari; Dhahir, Hardi; Karim, Sanaa; Sofi, Hawar; Abdalla, Berun; Ali, Muhammad; Kakamad, Fahmi

doi:10.3892/mi.2023.109

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

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“…TB primarily affects the lungs through the airborne transmission of bacteria when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or spit [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Upon entering the bloodstream, the bacteria can attack other organs and tissues, including the brain, kidneys, bones, spine, skin, peripheral lymph nodes, heart, pancreas, thyroid, spleen, eye, and skeletal muscles [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzothiadiazinone-1,1-Dioxide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Suppress the Growth of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

Bua,

Bonardi,

Mük

et al. 2024

IJMS

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2H-Benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxide (BTD) based carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors are here explored as new anti-mycobacterial agents. The chemical features of BTD derivatives meet the criteria for a potent inhibition of β-class CA isozymes. BTD derivatives show chemical features meeting the criteria for a potent inhibition of β-class CA isozymes. Specifically, three β-CAs (MtCA1, MtCA2, and MtCA3) were identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their inhibition was shown to exert an antitubercular action. BTDs derivatives 2a-q effectively inhibited the mycobacterial CAs, especially MtCA2 and MtCA3, with Ki values up to a low nanomolar range (MtCA3, Ki = 15.1–2250 nM; MtCA2, Ki = 38.1–4480 nM) and with a significant selectivity ratio over the off-target human CAs I and II. A computational study was conducted to elucidate the compound structure-activity relationship. Importantly, the most potent MtCA inhibitors demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid—standard reference drugs for Tuberculosis treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzothiadiazinone-1,1-Dioxide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Suppress the Growth of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

Bua,

Bonardi,

Mük

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Hypercalcemia Etiologies in Pediatric Patients: An Informative Narrative Review

Dalili,

Basiri,

Koohmanaee

et al. 2024

J Compr Ped

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Background: Hypercalcemia, although less prevalent, is a critical diagnosis in pediatric patients, consisting of numerous etiologies that differ significantly from those in adults. In children, congenital causes are more prevalent. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia encompasses a broad spectrum of etiologies; however, up to 90% of all cases are diagnosed with either primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. Primary hyperparathyroidism predominates in ambulatory patients, while malignancy is more common among critically ill hospitalized patients. Objectives: This review addresses several important issues related to calcium metabolism and hypercalcemia: a) Overview of Calcium Metabolism b) Factors affecting serum total and ionized calcium concentration c) Clinical manifestations and importance of Hypercalcemia in pediatric patients d) Overview of the causes of Hypercalcemia in pediatric patients e) Overview of Hypercalcemia management Methods: A literature search was conducted for articles published from 2000 to 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The keywords used were: CALCIUM, Calcium metabolism disorders, hypercalcemia, Parathyroid hormone, Vitamin D, and acid-base imbalance. Results: This study provides a review of calcium metabolism and factors affecting total and ionized calcium concentrations, along with a definition of hypercalcemia, classification of its severity, its clinical manifestations, and a comprehensive overview of hypercalcemia etiologies categorized into parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related and unrelated causes. An overview of its management is also included. Conclusions: Hypercalcemia is an important disorder in both pediatric and adult patients. Before initiating a workup for hypercalcemia, it is crucial to understand the physiology of calcium and the factors affecting its serum concentrations. The etiologies of hypercalcemia in pediatric patients have a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses; primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies account for 80-90% of all hypercalcemia cases found in clinical practice. Genetic and syndromic causes are usually more prevalent in pediatrics due to the nature of these conditions. Managing hypercalcemia requires two simultaneous approaches: first, measures aimed at lowering serum calcium concentrations and second, a workup for the underlying cause.

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Tuberculous granulomatous inflammation of parathyroid adenoma manifested as primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report and a review of the literature

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Benzothiadiazinone-1,1-Dioxide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Suppress the Growth of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

Benzothiadiazinone-1,1-Dioxide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Suppress the Growth of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

Hypercalcemia Etiologies in Pediatric Patients: An Informative Narrative Review

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