Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted primarily by inhalation of aerosolized droplets containing the organisms. There is an infection of the respiratory tract and the tubercle bacilli spread via lymphatic system and bloodstream to many different organs. Generally, the pulmonary tuberculosis infections are asymptomatic and a positive skin test result is the only indication of it. Approximately 10% of infected individuals develop active disease. Immunosuppression caused by systemic diseases or medication increases the risk of developing tuberculosis. In addition to the pulmonary tract, tuberculosis may affect many organs and systems, including lymph nodes, larynge, middle ear, genitourinary tract, musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pericardium, and skin. Ocular involvement is an uncommon event in tuberculous infection, and there are several presentations involving the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina and optic nerve. The diagnosis is based in the detection of mycobacteria in fluids and tissues. If there is no available material for analysis, a presumptive diagnosis is made and therapeutic test initiated. The therapy is based in anti-tuberculous drugs and corticosteroids. The standard treatment protocol in Brazil includes isoniazid, rifampim, and pyrazinamid for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for four months for susceptible organisms. Alternative regimens are necessary in the presence of drug resistance.

Inflammatory diseases of the parathyroid gland

“…We also identified 14 cases of granulomatous inflammation of the parathyroid gland, including six cases of sarcoidosis, four cases of tuberculosis, and two non‐specific granulomatous processes (Table 5). Again, the rarity of this association warrants attention when seen on the background of thousands or millions of described cases of granulomatous processes in other tissues 1,39,40 …”

MALDI Imaging Techniques Dedicated to Drug-Distribution Studies

“…Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as Tubercles bacillus) that can effect various organs such as the lungs, the kidneys, bones and even the brain (compared with tuberculous meningitis) [33]. Treatment for tuberculosis includes several antibiotics such as ioniazide, rifanpicine, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, to name a few [34].…”

An Overview on Tuberculosis and Worldwide Steps to Combat TB Including Awareness Programme in India

“…Transmission and progression driven by social factors such as poor living conditions and poor nutrition [16], spread through inhalation of airborne M.TB cells, multiply in macrophages and within the large cystic tubercles, formed liquefied tissue surrounded by infected macrophage [12], also tubercle bacilli spread via lymphatic system and bloodstream to many different organs [17]. After the inhalation, establishes primary infection, may cure if human have a strong immune system [12].…”