Tuberculosis Meningitis and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children who recovered from tuberculous meningitis (TBM) as part of an ongoing TBM research project. During this study, each TBM group subject underwent a thorough clinical-neurological examination, and a test battery which included the child behaviour check list (CBCL) Teacher's Report Form and Conners Rating Scale. The parents and teachers of each of the 21 TBM group and 21 control group subjects completed the above-mentioned questionnaires. All 21 TBM group subjects displayed symptoms of ADHD. The TBM group was significantly more hyperactive and unable to sustain attention than the control group. Furthermore, TBM group subjects were perceived as being significantly more unpopular, obsessive, compulsive and aggressive than the control group subjects. With regard to the frequency of externalizing behaviour, the TBM group subjects displayed significantly more externalizing behaviours as well as symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity. No significant differences between parents' and teachers' ratings were found. We conclude that ADHD is a common long-term complication of TBM.

Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] While four of the studies were from South Africa 9,10,12,13 , two studies each were from Nigeria 7,11 and Democratic Republic of Congo 8,14 respectively, and only one study from Ethiopia. 15 Four studies addressed epidemiology of ADHD among population of school children in Africa 7,12,13,14 , one study among population of children in the general community.…”

“…Since the publication on world-wide prevalence of ADHD in 2007 6 , a number of studies had emerged from Africa on the epidemiology of ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity symptoms and associated comorbidities among African children. [7][8][9][10][11] Physical and psychological conditions can occur co-morbidly with ADHD and some of these co-morbidities have been documented in studies from Africa. [8][9][10][11] Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities There has been no prior review of the prevalence of ADHD and ADHD symptoms documented in different countries of sub-Saharan Africa.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11] Physical and psychological conditions can occur co-morbidly with ADHD and some of these co-morbidities have been documented in studies from Africa. [8][9][10][11] Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities There has been no prior review of the prevalence of ADHD and ADHD symptoms documented in different countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The current content therefore constitutes a review of past epidemiological studies on ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity symptoms and associated co-morbid conditions documented subSaharan Africa.…”

Long-term Motor and Cognitive Outcome of Acute Encephalitis

“…Because all patients were healthy before the disease, we assumed the same incidence of the disorder in our study as in the general population. Although the association between ADHD and other brain insults, such as head trauma, 21,22 bacterial meningitis, 23 and…”

A structural MRI study in monozygotic twins concordant or discordant for attention/hyperactivity problems: Evidence for genetic and environmental heterogeneity in the developing brain

“…In addition, ADHD symptoms are seen after childhood stroke, particularly with lesions in the basal ganglia, especially the putamen (Max et al, 2002), and orbitofrontal and mesial prefrontal cortices (Max et al, 2005a), and traumatic brain injury affecting basal ganglia and orbitofrontal regions (Gerring et al, 2000;Herskovits et al, 1999;Max et al, 2005b). Pheno-copies can also result from epilepsy (Schubert, 2005), and various other neurological insults such as meningitis and autoimmune disorders (Peterson et al, 2000;Wait et al, 2002).…”