Abstract:Although tuberculosis (TB) has its highest burden among young adults, especially since the advent of HIV infection, two other groups with low immunity, the very young (<1 year) with immature immunity and the elderly (>65 years) with waning immunity, are vulnerable groups not to be forgotten. This review describes the epidemiology,clinical aspects,public health aspects and outcome of TB in patients at the extremes of age. The epidemiology differs therein that TB in infants occurs in developing countries with hi… Show more
“…In the oldest age group there was no statistically significant change in the very high prevalence of TST positivity. Recent studies corroborate these findings revealing that TB infection in older populations has been stable or increasing in developing countries around the world, [30][31][32][33][34] making TB infection one of the most prevalent infections affecting older populations. 34 There were few differences in TST and tetanus results from 2005 11 to 2012.…”
Abstract.A cross-sectional, community-based study was performed in 2012 with 428 residents of periurban shantytowns in Lima, Peru to study risk factors for and changes in latent tuberculosis infection in age-stratified groups compared with our data from the same region in 1990 (N = 219) and 2005 (N = 103). Tuberculin skin test positivity in these communities was highly prevalent at 52% overall, increased with age (P 0.01) and was similar to 2005 (53%) and 1990 (48%). From 1990 to 2012, the prevalence of tuberculin positivity decreased in 5-14 and 15-24 year old groups (to 17% and 34%, respectively, both P 0.05). However, this may be explained by cessation of Bacille Calmette-Guérin revaccination during this period, because Bacille Calmette-Guérin revaccination doubled tuberculin positivity. Over the same 22-year period, tuberculin positivity in the 25 year old group remained high (71%, P = 0.3), suggesting that prevalent latent tuberculosis infection persists in the adult population despite improving medical care and socioeconomic development in this region.
“…In the oldest age group there was no statistically significant change in the very high prevalence of TST positivity. Recent studies corroborate these findings revealing that TB infection in older populations has been stable or increasing in developing countries around the world, [30][31][32][33][34] making TB infection one of the most prevalent infections affecting older populations. 34 There were few differences in TST and tetanus results from 2005 11 to 2012.…”
Abstract.A cross-sectional, community-based study was performed in 2012 with 428 residents of periurban shantytowns in Lima, Peru to study risk factors for and changes in latent tuberculosis infection in age-stratified groups compared with our data from the same region in 1990 (N = 219) and 2005 (N = 103). Tuberculin skin test positivity in these communities was highly prevalent at 52% overall, increased with age (P 0.01) and was similar to 2005 (53%) and 1990 (48%). From 1990 to 2012, the prevalence of tuberculin positivity decreased in 5-14 and 15-24 year old groups (to 17% and 34%, respectively, both P 0.05). However, this may be explained by cessation of Bacille Calmette-Guérin revaccination during this period, because Bacille Calmette-Guérin revaccination doubled tuberculin positivity. Over the same 22-year period, tuberculin positivity in the 25 year old group remained high (71%, P = 0.3), suggesting that prevalent latent tuberculosis infection persists in the adult population despite improving medical care and socioeconomic development in this region.
“…Estudo desenvolvido em idosos com tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro (15) aponta que, apesar da elevada proporção de doenças associadas ao grupo de idosos comparados ao grupo de jovens com TB, é possível se tratar de um achado confundidor, visto que tais doenças estão presentes muito frequentemente em qualquer população idosa. Assim, comparando idosos que tiveram a doença com idosos sem TB, observou-se que o desenvolvimento dela pode não estar relacionado à presença de comorbidades, mas ao fato de que aproximadamente 90% dos casos de tuberculose em idosos têm como causa a reativação da infecção primária (19) . Apesar de não ter encontrado diferença estatisticamente significativa entre casos e controles, em relação ao fumo e ao uso de álcool, observa-se que estes são fatores apontados, entre outros, como responsáveis por uma maior morbidade e letalidade da tuberculose no idoso (10) .…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Por esse motivo, estima-se que um elevado percentual dos idosos tenha sido infectado. Essa população, albergando o Mycobacterium tuberculosis e com as deficiências próprias do processo de envelhecimento, pode vir a desenvolver a tuberculose (19) . Também corroborando com o fato de a TB no idoso estar associada às questões do próprio envelhecimento, em que a imunidade celular do indivíduo, considerada a principal responsável pelo combate à infecção pelo bacilo, está diminuída, é que no estudo não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre casos e controles quanto ao tipo e às condições de moradia e ao número de pessoas por residência e por quarto, apesar de já ter sido demonstrada a elevada taxa de transmissão da doença em ambientes fechados nos países em desenvolvimento ou desenvolvidos (21,20) .…”
“…TB-and HIV-associated stigma is a major barrier to optimal care in certain communities [15,16], as illustrated by the fear of TB-related stigma in the grandmother's case and HIV-related stigma in the mother's case. This case also illustrates that children with recurrent pneumonia should be screened for TB and HIV [17,18]. TB is an important cause of pneumonia not responding to first-line treatment in high TB incidence countries, like Viet Nam [19,20].…”
Abstract:We report on a six-month-old infant admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) with recurrent severe pneumonia. The mother was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, but initially failed to disclose this to doctors. Neither did she report the grandmother of the child's chronic coughing, likely due to tuberculosis (TB). The infant was diagnosed with X-pert MTB/RIF ® confirmed TB and tested positive for HIV infection. Once a correct diagnosis was established, the child demonstrated good recovery with appropriate TB and antiretroviral treatment (ART). The case demonstrates the importance of including TB in the differential diagnosis for young children not responding to first-line pneumonia treatment, especially in TB endemic areas. Taking a meticulous TB and HIV exposure history, with careful consideration of potential social stigma, is essential. It also demonstrates how the inaccessibility of HIV results and the absence of a continuous patient record may jeopardize patient care.Keywords: tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; infant; HIV; opportunistic infection
Case ReportWe admitted a six-month-old girl to the Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, a provincial referral hospital in central Viet Nam, with a diagnosis of recurrent severe pneumonia. She was discharged from the same hospital two days earlier, but developed a fever with associated heavy breathing at home. On admission, she weighed 5.5 kg and her vital signs were temperature 39 • C, breathing rate 80/min, heart rate 135 beats/min and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) 88% in air; 95% with high flow nasal oxygen.On examination, she was alert, but malnourished with visible chest indrawing. On physical examination she had extensive white plaques in her mouth, suggestive of oral thrush, and hepatosplenomegaly. On auscultation she had symmetric air entry with normal vesicular breathing and no abnormal breath sounds. She was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for intravenous (IV) antibiotics (ceftazidime and gentamycin) and oxygen supplementation. Initial laboratory investigations revealed an abnormal full blood count (hemoglobin: 8.7 g/dL; white blood cells: 10.5 ×
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