Tubal Ligation and Age at Natural Menopause

Abstract

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The effect of bilateral tubal ligation on menopause age and symptoms

“…No statistically significant differences were observed between the menopause ages in terms of various BTL methods and the mean menopause age of women who had entered menopause naturally. In Ainsworth et al's study, the mean age at which women underwent the BTL procedure was 36-37 years [9]. In our study, the mean age at which women underwent the BTL procedure was 37.3 years.…”

“…In our literature review, we found only one study evaluating BTL's effect on menopausal age [9], and we did not find any study interpreting BTL's effect on menopausal symptoms. In 2019, Ainsworth et al compared various tubal ligation methods' effects on menopausal age and found the mean age of women who entered menopause naturally to be 50.1 years.…”

A Nutraceutical Approach to Menopausal Complaints

“…In such a scenario, nonhormonal therapies are mostly developing, and it is not unusual that women often request a “natural” approach for their symptoms. Apart from much personal skepticism, the ability to listen and to grasp the needs of patients is particularly relevant in menopausal women who are going through this critical phase of life [3,44]. This aspect, which has so far been underestimated, has recently been investigated, highlighting the needs of women about the topic: Women want their healthcare providers to start listening to what they report, want to discuss and seek help for nonvasomotor menopause-related symptoms, and want clear evidence-based information about the various hormonal and nonhormonal treatment options [40,44].…”

“…The onset of menopause is one of the most critical phases in a woman’s life span and is defined retrospectively as the time of the final menstrual period, followed by 12 months of amenorrhea [1,2]. The age at menopause appears to be genetically determined and is unaffected by race, socioeconomic status, age at menarche, or the number of prior ovulations [3]. Menopausal transition, or ‘perimenopause’, is a defined period that begins with the onset of irregular menstrual cycles until the last menstrual period and is followed by fluctuations in reproductive hormones [4,5].…”

Association of oral contraceptives and tubal ligation with risk of early natural menopause

“…It is well established that TL is a preventive factor for ovarian cancer with one proposed mechanism for the protection being a disruption to the ovarian vascular blood supply resulting in diminished levels of sex steroid hormones produced by the ovaries (Hakverdi et al, 1994;Rice et al, 2012). As such, it has been hypothesized that the procedure may have negative implications for ovarian function and reserve, and lead to earlier menopause, yet few studies have examined the long-term association between TL and early menopause (Pokoradi et al, 2011;Nichols et al, 2013;Abi Tayeh et al, 2018;Ainsworth et al, 2019).…”