Background
Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) appears a safe and effective treatment for flat-type non-invasive squamous neoplasia of the esophagus. However, if RFA is applied to lesions containing invasive cancer (ESCC) histological features associated with lymph node metastases may remain undetected. In addition, extension of neoplasia down the ducts of esophageal submucosal glands (SMGs) may create a sheltered ‘niche’ beyond the reach of ablation.
Objective
To determine the RFA eligibility of flat-type ESCC.
Design
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of ESCC patients.
Setting
National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Patients
Patients with flat-type ESCC >3cm removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).
Interventions
Three endoscopists involved in RFA studies in China reviewed endoscopic images to select lesions eligible for RFA. Corresponding ESD resection specimens were histologically examined.
Main outcome measurements
Presence of poor histological features (i.e. ≥m3-invasion; poor tumor differentiation; or lymphovascular invasion) and the number of involved esophageal SMGs and ducts.
Results
65 lesions were included of which 17 (26%) qualified as RFA eligible by RFA endoscopists. Inter-observer agreement for this assessment was poor (κ 0.09). Six of the 17 specimens (35%) showed relevant disease: 4 lesions invaded into the muscularis mucosae of which one also showed lymphovascular invasion; two lesions showed extension of neoplasia into SMGs.
Limitations
Limited number of cases. RFA eligibility status was based on analysis of still images.
Conclusions
One third of flat-type ESCC, deemed eligible for RFA, demonstrated histological features that are considered (relative) contraindications for endoscopic treatment. As it appears difficult for endoscopists to identify low-risk ESCC, conservative use of RFA for flat-type ESCC is advocated until long-term follow-up data are available.