Tsunamis caused by offshore active faults and their deposits

Takashimizu, Yasuhiro; Kawakami, Gentaro; Urabe, Atsushi

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103380

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…2a and Movie S1). This region has been evaluated for tsunami hazards from active submarine faults based on paleoseismological studies both onshore and offshore (e.g., Inoue and Okamura, 2010;Shishikura et al, 2020;Takashimizu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Relevant Past Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although tectonic geomorphology have identi ed past activity in the proximal portion of the F43 fault, the seismicity of the distant segments, which caused tsunami inundations at many locations, is di cult to understand from onshore records. Instead, tsunami deposits provide evidence of past tsunamigenic submarine faults (Takashimizu et al, 2020). Around the Noto Peninsula and Toyama Bay, earlier geological investigations have discovered four layers of tsunami deposits of different ages that can be traced along the coast (Yano and Takeuchi, 2014; Urabe et al, 2015Urabe et al, , 2016 Tateishi and Kawamura, 2020).…”

Section: Relevant Past Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake tsunami: implications for tsunami sources in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

Masuda,

Sugawara,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Preprint

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A moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 earthquake occurred on January 1, 2024, at the northern tip of the Noto Peninsula, Central Japan, triggering a large tsunami. Seismological and geodetic observations revealed the rupture of mapped submarine active faults. While proximal segment ruptures were well resolved by existing researches, distal segments posed challenges for onshore tsunami observations, prompting the need for a comprehensive study on wave sources. We aimed to examine tsunami propagation and inundation using three different fault models to identify the general characteristics of the tsunami source and evaluate the complexities of earthquake and submarine landslide-induced tsunamis. The study identified the simultaneous rupture of two active fault systems as the most suitable model for explaining observed tsunami height and inundation; however, some inconsistencies with observations remain. The propagation process did not follow a concentric pattern but aligned with bathymetric heterogeneity. The findings also suggested potential amplification effects responsible for Iida Bay’s coast devastation and indicated a possible submarine landslide in southern Toyama Bay. The findings of the present work will benefit the exploration of a more realistic tsunami source model, considering the differences between observations and simulations. Such efforts, in collaboration with paleotsunami research, will contribute to the improved assessment of hazards from submarine active faults.

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Section: Relevant Past Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relevant Past Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake tsunami: implications for tsunami sources in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

Masuda,

Sugawara,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Another feature related to the high seismicity of active margins are events of coastal inundation due to tsunami impact (e.g., Spiske and Bahlburg 2011; Spiske et al 2014; Ryan et al 2015;Takashimizu et al 2020). Although tsunami-related inundation is well-recorded in shallow offshore settings, transient coastal submergence is also accomplished by storms, such that it is not straightforward to distinguish tsunami-related event deposition from that produced by a storm (e.g., Shanmugam 2012; Paris et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onlap of Upper Cretaceous synorogenic wedge-top deposits (Eastern Alps): Fragmentites, event beds, and coseismic deformation.

Sanders

2024

Preprint

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In synorogenic wedge-top basins of the Alps, the basal strata are rarely exposed. Herein, a late Turonian to early Coniacian succession above an older rock substrate is described that comprises: (a) proto-/cataclasites, (b) slope breccias, (c) fluvial conglomerates, and (d) low-energy lagoonal limestones with event beds. The proto-/cataclasites are a vestige of a fault damage zone. The distribution of the other facies records a hilly vegetated terrain drained by a stream and that, upon sea-level rise, became encroached by a lagoon. A section of 'lagoonal' limestones contains a thick event bed of angular dolostone pebbles to cobbles derived from the local substrate, and embedded in hybrid arenite. Bioclasts (rudists, corals, red algae) are from open-marine environments. Angular shape and a corrugated surface of lithoclasts suggest that they stem from slope mantles of subaerially exposed areas. The bed records an event of exceptional coastal flooding and is tentatively interpreted as a tsunami deposit. In the slope breccias, the fluvial conglomerates, and in the event beds, many lithoclasts became fractured in situinto crackle, jigsaw, and mosaic subclast fabrics; fractures are filled with the same material (lime mud to arenite) as that comprising the primary matrix. In-situ clast fracture was produced by coseismic shaking, i.e., these fabrics record syndepositional earthquakes. In the Meso-Cenozoic wedge-top succession of the Eastern Alps, features related to seismic activity and coastal inundation expectably are widespread, but to date were overgone or not identified as such.

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“…As a result, historical and prehistorical tsunami deposits, including the AD1741 tsunami, have been recognized in the coastal lowlands of the southern Hiyama District and Okushiri Island (Fig. 1B; Hokkaido Research Organization, 2015; Kase et al, 2016;Kawakami et al, 2017aKawakami et al, , 2017bTakashimizu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary features of AD1741 tsunami deposit and some older event deposits in the narrow lowlands along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea, northern Hiyama District, Hokkaido, Japan

Kase,

Kawakami,

Nishina

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Deposits of the AD1741 Oshima-Ohshima tsunami and some other events were identified by pit excavations in two narrow coastal lowlands along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea, northern Hiyama District, Hokkaido, Japan. The AD1741 tsunami deposits were consisted of volcanic-ash sand grains derived from the AD1640 Ko-d tephra, and were characterized by landward thinning bed geometry, landward paleocurrent, normal grading, erosional base with rip-up clasts, and higher ratio of marine diatoms. In the Kumaishi-Ayukawa lowland, well-preserved out-flow layer indicates that the tsunami entered through the river mouth reached the terrace cliffs and returned along the river. Whereas the tsunami deposits in the Hirahama lowland lack return flow layer and were overlain by marsh muds, suggesting that the tsunami overtopped the coastal sand dunes and seawater ponded the vast lowland for a period. The sand grains of AD1741 tsunami deposits in Hirahama were not much rounded compared with those in the Kumaishi-Ayukawa, which probably reflected sediment source from tephra fell on the sand dunes and inland. We also recognized event deposits younger than AD1741 of flash flood origins in both lowlands. In addition, two older event deposits (672–561 cal yBP and 2333–1999 cal yBP) existed in Hirahama, that were consisted of rounded pebbles to cobbles similar with present beach gravels. Although such gravelly event deposits may be formed by storm surge or tsunami, the details of their origins are currently unclear.

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Tsunamis caused by offshore active faults and their deposits

Cited by 11 publications

References 67 publications

Modeling the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake tsunami: implications for tsunami sources in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

Modeling the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake tsunami: implications for tsunami sources in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

Onlap of Upper Cretaceous synorogenic wedge-top deposits (Eastern Alps): Fragmentites, event beds, and coseismic deformation.

Sedimentary features of AD1741 tsunami deposit and some older event deposits in the narrow lowlands along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea, northern Hiyama District, Hokkaido, Japan

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