“…For instance, location, size, shape, and amplitude of slip asperities differ significantly among inversion models for the 2011 TĹhoku earthquake , reflecting the complexity and uncertainty in imaging the rupture process for mega-thrust subduction earthquakes. Additionally, different source modelling approaches, such as surface rupture to ocean bottom, effects of horizontal deformation of steep slopes on vertical deformation, hydrodynamic response of water column, and time-dependent rupture process, slow versus fast rupture 30 propagation speed, will influence the resulting tsunami waves (Geist, 2002;McCloskey et al, 2008;Løvholt et al, 2012;Satake et al, 2013). All these factors contribute to epistemic uncertainties related to tsunami source modelling.…”