Tsunami risk perception, a state-of-the-art review with a focus in the NEAM region

Abstract

Large-scale coastal urban sprawl, development of tourist accommodations and industrial maritime poles have highly increased the tsunami risk to people living and/or traveling along the coasts of our planet. The disastrous tsunamis in the Indian Ocean (2004) and in the Pacific Ocean (2011), as well as a suite of other damaging events worldwide, have encouraged International Institutions, first of all UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, National Governments and Local Communities to implement Tsunami Warning Systems (TWS), to raise awareness on tsunami risk, and to create a multilevel risk governance. In this framework, research on tsunami risk perception plays a key role. The results of these studies should be taken into account in designing risk mitigation programs and tools (such as drills, activities with local communities, emergency plans, etc.). This paper presents a review of such studies, carried out in several countries worldwide through many thousands of interviews performed with different techniques. Most tsunami risk perception studies were carried out in the regions where the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System and the Pacific Ocean one (PTWS) operate. In the NEAMTWS (North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning Systems) region, only few specific studies were conducted, mostly within the EU-funded ASTARTE project (2013–2017) and more recently in a few extensive surveys on tsunami risk perception conducted in Italy between 2019 and 2021. Although the twenty-three studies analyzed in our review show a strong heterogeneity of methodological approaches and population samples, they allow us to outline some general considerations on tsunami risk as perceived by people in the different regions of the world. With the help of a table, we schematically summarized the emerging strengths, weaknesses and lessons learned in the twenty-three papers, noting an increase in the number of such studies in the last 5 years. The surveys were mostly concentrated in high-risk areas and focused on local residents. Some differences emerged depending on the memory of past tsunamis, education level, and local cultures. This provides useful hints for sound citizen-based tsunami risk reduction actions, including improved risk communication aimed at increasing the resilience of tsunami-prone populations. The need for increasing the assessment of tourists’ tsunami risk perception, and for a more homogeneous survey strategy also emerge from our analysis.

Examining the Factors Influencing Tsunami Evacuation Action Selection in Thailand: A Comprehensive Study Involving Local Residents, Non-Local Workers, and Travelers

“…Previous studies, including those on knowledge of social influence [71] and subjective norm [72], have explored additional factors within the PMT framework. Notably, this study raises interesting findings that past tsunami experiences did not necessarily lead to higher evacuation intention, aligning with similar observations in Cugliari et al [73]. These insights can guide disaster management officials in enhancing awareness and preparedness for tsunami evacuations.…”

Kajian Seismik Mikro untuk Memahami Proses Aktivitas 8 Sesar di Jawa Barat

“…Para pembuat kebijakan menavigasi keseimbangan antara rekomendasi ilmiah dan dampak sosial (MIYAZAKI & IKUTA, 2023). Persepsi masyarakat umum dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman langsung mereka terhadap peristiwa seismik, yang mempengaruhi tanggapan mereka (Cugliari et al, 2022). Memahami berbagai perspektif ini sangat penting untuk komunikasi yang efektif, kolaborasi, dan pengembangan strategi mitigasi risiko seismik yang disesuaikan (Bedle et al, 2022).…”

Untitled

“…Initially, 'Environmental Education' (EE)developed in the 1970s in response to the rise in environmental movements. Although described as interdisciplinary at the Intergovernmental conference on Environmental Education in 1977,EEturned out to be mainly focused on helping learnersto understand the natural environment from a scientific perspectivein view of justifying future action with a high degree of certainty [5].…”

“…It focuses on risk communication and decision-making in the context of tsunami events. Communicating tsunami risk is challenging due to the infrequent nature of these events, the subsequent lack of community knowledge and the generally low perception of tsunami risk by some coastal communities [5].The key difference in this study is to consider a practical, action-oriented approach to risk communication directed at school children and delivered using a serious game (SG) in a formal education setting. The authors believe this provides a novel contribution.…”