TSSG pulling and LPE growth of KTa Nb1−O3 for optical waveguides

Hydrothermal crystal growth of the potassium niobate and potassium tantalate family of crystals

“…Unfortunately, homogeneous crystallization of this ratio has proven difficult for many crystal growth techniques. KTN growth by melt [25], Czochralski [26], and TSSG [27][28][29] has also been frustrated by striation problems similar to those encountered with KN growth. Other methods such as flux growth have dealt with solvent inclusions, repeatability, and flux volatilization [30].…”

Growth of cubic KTa1−xNbxO3 crystal by Czochralski method

“…Orthorhombic and tetragonal KTN crystals are good photorefractive and electrooptical crystals that have been widely investigated over the past twenty years [1][2][3]. Electro-optic switches and modulators with optical waveguides are important devices for achieving fast digital communications [4]. Cubic KTN crystals, especially those crystals near the cubic-tetragonal phase boundary are reported to have the strongest Kerr effect of all known crystalline materials.…”

Epitaxially grown ferroelectric thin films for agile devices

“…Various methods were also carried out for KTN thin films deposition, like liquid-phase epitaxy [85], MOCVD [86,87], sol-gel methods [51][52][53]88] (including polymeric precursors [54,55]), radio frequency sputtering [56,89] and PLD [39,40,46,[90][91][92][93][94][95]. Most of these studies highlighted the difficulty to preserve the relationship between metal atoms according to the pseudo-binary diagram established for the synthesis of KTN single-crystals [45,85,96] or ceramics [16,44,97].…”

“…Most of these studies highlighted the difficulty to preserve the relationship between metal atoms according to the pseudo-binary diagram established for the synthesis of KTN single-crystals [45,85,96] or ceramics [16,44,97]. Indeed, the main difficulty of KTN thin film synthesis is to preserve the potassium content and to avoid any pyrochlore-type phase [91].…”