TSH Beta Subunit Gene Expression in Human Lymphocytes

Peele, Mark E.; Baker, James R.; Carr, Frances E.; Wartofsky, Léonard; Burman, Kenneth D.

doi:10.1097/00000441-199301000-00001

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…After the recognition of ACTH and endorphin in immune cells, the presence of another pituitary hormone has been studied and found. This hormone is the thyrotropin (TSH), which is produced by lymphocytes [2] in which the TSH beta subunit gene was also demonstrated [57]. This supported the theory of Blalock and his team on the presence of pituitary hormones in immune cells, in general.…”

Section: The Thyrotropin Group (Trh Tsh T3)supporting

confidence: 60%

Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review

Csaba

2014

Acta Microbiologica Et Immunologica Hungarica

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Immune cells synthesize, store and secrete hormones, which are identical with the hormones of the endocrine glands. These are: the POMC hormones (ACTH, endorphin), the thyroid system hormones (TRH, TSH, T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, melatonin, histamine, serotonin, catecholamines, GnRH, LHRH, hCG, renin, VIP, ANG II. This means that the immune cells contain all of the hormones, which were searched at all and they also have receptors for these hormones. From this point of view the immune cells are similar to the unicells (Tetrahymena), so it can be supposed that these cells retained the properties characteristic at a low level of phylogeny while other cells during the evolution accumulated to form endocrine glands. In contrast to the glandular endocrine cells, immune cells are polyproducers and polyreceivers. As they are mobile cells, they are able to transport the stored hormone to different places (packed transport) or attracted by local factors, accumulate in the neighborhood of the target, synthesizing and secreting hormones locally. This is taking place, e.g. in the case of endorphin, where the accumulating immune cells calms pain caused by the inflammation. The targeted packed transport is more economical than the hormone-pouring to the blood circulation of glandular endocrines and the targeting also cares the other receptor-bearing cells timely not needed the effect. Mostly the immune-effects of immune-cell derived hormones were studied (except endorphin), however, it is not exactly cleared, while the system could have scarcely studied important roles in other cases. The evolutionary aspects and the known as well, as possible roles of immune-endocrine system and their hormones are listed and discussed.

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Section: The Thyrotropin Group (Trh Tsh T3)supporting

confidence: 60%

Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review

Csaba

2014

Acta Microbiologica Et Immunologica Hungarica

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“…Receptors for growth hormone-releasing hormone are expressed on lymphoid cells in the spleen and thymus (142), and lymphocytes in both the spleen and thymus synthesize growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin-like polypeptides (143)(144)(145)(146). Moreover, GH and prolactin bind and stimulate thymic epithelial cells, which themselves are a source of numerous endocrine hormones (73, 75, 147, 148).…”

Section: Growth Hormone (Gh) Prolactin and Thyroid Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrine-Immune System Interactions and Autoimmunity

Wilder

1995

Annu. Rev. Immunol.

434

240

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The concept of an integrated bidirectionally regulated neuroendocrine-immune adaptive response to stress has strong experimental support. The quality and intensity of this coordinated response to stress varies depending upon age, gender, reproductive status, and other genetically determined factors as well as the types and magnitudes of environmental challenges. These factors and dysfunctional communication between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems appear to contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in the Lewis and BB rats, the OS chicken, and the NOD, MRL, NZB, NZW, and NZB/NZW F1 mice. Neuroendocrine-immune dysfunction also contributes to the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid diseases, and others. This review highlights these concepts. It includes discussions on various aspects of the stress response, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes, corticotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, interleukin-1 and -6, corticosteroids, estrogens, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid hormone. The role of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating thymopoiesis and T cell development is also emphasized.

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“…In human immune cells the presence of TSH beta subunit gene has been demonstrated (22). Lymphocytes can bind TSH (23)(24)(25), and express TSH receptor specific mRNA (26).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%