TS-LoRa: Time-slotted LoRaWAN for the Industrial Internet of Things

Zorbas, Dimitrios; Abdelfadeel, Khaled Q.; Kotzanikolaou, Panayiotis; Pesch, Dirk

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.056

Cited by 128 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…One other method of nearing the LoRa communication protocol to the real-time concept involves the introduction of the ability of self-management and grouping of the devices, so that they themselves can determine their position on the communication time slots, as part of an architecture that is based on time-slotted communications. The use of a single slot dedicated to each frame is suggested in Reference [42] as a solution for global synchronization and for the management of acknowledgements. The experimental results show that the implementation of such mechanisms leads to a packet delivery rate of over 99%, with an added plus of energy efficiency, even in the case of distant sensors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa Traffic Generator Based on Software Defined Radio Technology for LoRa Modulation Orthogonality Analysis: Empirical and Experimental Evaluation

Lavric¹,

Petrariu²,

Coca³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The digital revolution has changed the way we implement and use connected devices and systems by offering Internet communication capabilities to simple objects around us. The growth of information technologies, together with the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), exponentially amplified the connectivity capabilities of devices. Up to this moment, the Long Range (LoRa) communication technology has been regarded as the perfect candidate, created to solve the issues of the IoT concept, such as scalability and the possibility of integrating a large number of sensors. The goal of this paper is to present an analysis of the communication collisions that occur through the evaluation of performance level in various scenarios for the LoRa technology. The first part addresses an empirical evaluation and the second part presents the development and validation of a LoRa traffic generator. The findings suggest that even if the packet payload increases, the communication resistance to interferences is not drastically affected, as one may expect. These results are analyzed by using a novel Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology LoRa traffic generator, that ensures a high-performance level in terms of generating a large LoRa traffic volume. Despite the use of orthogonal variable spreading factor technique, within the same communication channel, the collisions between LoRa packets may dramatically decrease the communication performance level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa Traffic Generator Based on Software Defined Radio Technology for LoRa Modulation Orthogonality Analysis: Empirical and Experimental Evaluation

Lavric¹,

Petrariu²,

Coca³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Although attractive for reducing interference, it brings new challenges of transmitting the scheduling information to EDs and predict their resource requirement. For LoRa, the scheduled MAC techniques proposed in the literature include: hybrid ALOHA/TDMA access for periodic real-time traffic [14], on-demand TDMA access using wake-up radios [15], algorithms to assign timeslots according to EDs' traffic periodicity [16], self-organizing time-slotted communication [17], and time-slotted channel hopping [18].…”

Section: ) S-alohamentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa Beyond ALOHA: An Investigation of Alternative Random Access Protocols

Beltramelli

Mahmood

Österberg

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

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We present a stochastic geometry-based model to investigate alternative medium access choices for LoRaWANa widely adopted low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) technology for the Internet-of-things (IoT). LoRaWAN adoption is driven by its simplified network architecture, air interface, and medium access. The physical layer, known as LoRa, provides quasi-orthogonal virtual channels through spreading factors (SFs) and time-power capture gains. However, the adopted pure ALOHA access mechanism suffers, in terms of scalability, under the same-channel same-SF transmissions from a large number of devices. In this paper, our objective is to explore access mechanisms beyond-ALOHA for LoRaWAN. Using recent results on time-and power-capture effects of LoRa, we develop a unified model for the comparative study of other choices, i.e., slotted ALOHA and carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA). The model includes the necessary design parameters of these access mechanisms, such as guard time and synchronization accuracy for slotted ALOHA, carrier sensing threshold for CSMA. It also accounts for the spatial interaction of devices in annular shaped regions, characteristic of LoRa, for CSMA. The performance derived from the model in terms of coverage probability, channel throughput, and energy efficiency are validated using Monte-Carlo simulations. Our analysis shows that slotted ALOHA indeed has higher reliability than pure ALOHA but at the cost of lower energy efficiency for low device densities. Whereas, CSMA outperforms slotted ALOHA at smaller SFs in terms of reliability and energy efficiency, with its performance degrading to pure ALOHA at higher SFs.

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“…A plethora of LP-WAN technologies are out in the market these days that include: Sigfox, Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), NarrowBand Internet of Things (NB-IoT), DASH7, LTE-M1, Ingenu, and Weightless to name a few [6]. Among them, LoRaWAN [7], [8], Sigfox and, Weightless have already been proposed suitable for most of the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication scenarios in IIoT use-cases because of their common characteristics (such as, low power consumption, high scalability with extended radio coverage, and simple/low-cost network infrastructure) [9].…”

Section: Industrial Internet Of Things and The Fourth Industrial Rmentioning

confidence: 99%