Tryptophan Co-Metabolism at the Host-Pathogen Interface

Costantini, Claudio; Bellet, Marina Maria; Renga, Giorgia; Stincardini, Claudia; Borghi, Monica; Pariano, Marilena; Cellini, Barbara; Keller, Nancy P.; Romani, Luigina; Zelante, Teresa

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00067

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In our current study, however, the only statistically significant difference in kynurenine levels was observed around the time of index sampling (−1; 2) between patients with IC (true) and E. coli bacteremia, with significantly higher kynurenine values in candidemic patients. Since kynurenine is a metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan, which is obtained from diet [ 36 ], a kynurenine/tryptophan ratio was additionally calculated in order to exclude dietary influence. Comparison of kynurenine/tryptophan ratio did not detect any additional significant differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Evaluation of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Invasive Candidiasis

Wunsch

Zurl

Strohmaier

et al. 2021

JoF

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Interleukin (IL) 17A plays a decisive role in anti-Candida host defense. Previous data demonstrated significantly increased IL-17A values in candidemic patients. We evaluated levels and time courses of IL-17A, and other cytokines suggested to be involved in Candida-specific immunity (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, Pentraxin-related protein 3, transforming growth factor-β) in patients with invasive candidiasis (IC) compared to bacteremic patients (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and healthy controls (from previous 4 days up to day 14 relative to the index culture (−4; 14)). IL-17A levels were significantly elevated in all groups compared to healthy controls. In IC, the highest IL-17A values were measured around the date of index sampling (−1; 2), compared to significantly lower levels prior and after sampling the index culture. Candidemic patients showed significantly higher IL-17A values compared to IC other than candidemia at time interval (−1; 2) and (3; 7). No significant differences in IL-17A levels could be observed for IC compared to bacteremic patients. Candidemic patients had higher IL-8, IL-10, IL-22, IFN-γ, PTX3 and TNF-α values compared to non-candidemic. Based on the limited discriminating competence between candidemia and bacteremia, IL-17A has to be considered a biomarker for blood stream infection rather than invasive Candida infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Evaluation of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Invasive Candidiasis

Wunsch

Zurl

Strohmaier

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Besides probiotic administration, an alternative strategy would be represented by the modulation of nutrients upon which both the host and the microbiota converge for functional cross-regulation. One such nutrient is represented by tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid in mammals, which is the substrate of a multitude of host and microbial metabolic pathways in the generation of bioactive molecules [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]. The Trp metabolic pathways play a critical role in immune regulation and immune tolerance.…”

Section: Targeting the Nasal Microbiota-immune System Cross-talkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiota/Host Immune System Interaction in the Nose to Protect from COVID-19

Stadio

Costantini

Renga

et al. 2020

Life

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by variable clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal multi-organ damage. The site of entry and the response of the host to the infection affect the outcomes. The role of the upper airways and the nasal barrier in the prevention of infection is increasingly being recognized. Besides the epithelial lining and the local immune system, the upper airways harbor a community of microorganisms, or microbiota, that takes an active part in mucosal homeostasis and in resistance to infection. However, the role of the upper airway microbiota in COVID-19 is not yet completely understood and likely goes beyond protection from viral entry to include the regulation of the immune response to the infection. Herein, we discuss the hypothesis that restoring endogenous barriers and anti-inflammatory pathways that are defective in COVID-19 patients might represent a valid strategy to reduce infectivity and ameliorate clinical symptomatology.

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“…HGT might have played a role in the evolution and symbiotic adaptation of various unicellular organisms, including eukaryotes. Most of the unicellular organisms (>30%) we studied are pathogenic, and in these organisms, tnaA provides unique advantages for living within a host [ 20 , 23 ]. Previously, Pfam-based analysis led to the identification of 18 HGT events from bacteria to Dictyostelium , which possesses two β-eliminating lyases [ 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, available evidence demonstrates that tryptophan metabolism plays vital roles in various living forms [ 23 ]. The ability of TnaA to conduct reverse α,β-elimination and β-substitution reactions has also attracted attention because the former can be used to synthesize tryptophan [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of the Tryptophanase Gene and Its Evolutionary Implications in Living Organisms

2021

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Tryptophanase encoded by the gene tnaA is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyses the conversion of tryptophan to indole, which is commonly used as an intra- and interspecies signalling molecule, particularly by microbes. However, the production of indole is rare in eukaryotic organisms. A nucleotide and protein database search revealed tnaA is commonly reported in various Gram-negative bacteria, but that only a few Gram-positive bacteria and archaea possess the gene. The presence of tnaA in eukaryotes, particularly protozoans and marine organisms, demonstrates the importance of this gene in the animal kingdom. Here, we document the distribution of tnaA and its acquisition and expansion among different taxonomic groups, many of which are usually categorized as non-indole producers. This study provides an opportunity to understand the intriguing role played by tnaA, and its distribution among various types of organisms.

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Tryptophan Co-Metabolism at the Host-Pathogen Interface

Cited by 22 publications

References 38 publications

Longitudinal Evaluation of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Invasive Candidiasis

Longitudinal Evaluation of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Invasive Candidiasis

The Microbiota/Host Immune System Interaction in the Nose to Protect from COVID-19

Diversity of the Tryptophanase Gene and Its Evolutionary Implications in Living Organisms

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