Trypanosomosis of wild animals with emphasis on Indian scenario

Sudan, Vikrant; Verma, Anju; Jaiswal, Amit

doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.07.003

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Wild animals often exhibit moderate levels of trypano-tolerance with their innate ability to co-exist with trypanosomes without showing overt disease (Sudan et al 2017). The disease flares up when the animal gets exposed to physiological and somatic stress following concurrent infection, capture, translocation and captivity that often compromises their innate resistance (Fowler 1986;Singh et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy

Dash

Sahu²,

Gupta

et al. 2022

J. Threat. Taxa

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A five-year old, apparently healthy male Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes of Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha became ill with acute signs of anorexia, lethargy, staggering gait, and was non-responsive to external stimuli. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear revealed presence of extracellular flagellates having morphological similarity to Trypanosoma spp. Haematological parameters showed anaemia (Hb 6.0 g%), mild leucopenia (total leukocyte count 5 × 103 / mm3) and thrombocytopenia (180 x 103 / µl). Serum biochemistry revealed high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (830 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (178.2 mg/dl), creatinine (4.44 mg/dl), and low glucose (25.7 mg/dl) levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region followed by National Centre for Biotechnology Information blast confirmed Trypanosoma evansi infection in the captive Indian Wolf. The animal showed clinical recovery with the administration of single dose of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride @ 4.0 mg/kg b wt subcutaneously. The wolf started taking meat from the very next day with improved activity. No trypanosomes could be detected in the stained blood smears as well as through PCR carried 25 days post treatment. The occurrence became an eye opener for the zoo and henceforth, all canids were included under chemoprophylaxis protocol against trypanosomosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy

Dash

Sahu²,

Gupta

et al. 2022

J. Threat. Taxa

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“…Trypanosoma evansi has been identified as the causative agent for the infection in humans (Joshi et al, 2005). There are evidences of the infection in the wild animals, however the reports have majorly emerged from captive wildlife (Sudan et al, 2017). The ruminants and equines are important reservoirs of the infection, ensuring the spread of the infection through mechanical transmission by biting flies (Kumar et al, 2013).…”

Section: Successful Clinical Management and Molecular Investigation O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Clinical Management and Molecular Investigation of Trypanosomosis in a Wild Captured Leopard

Kolangath,

Pawshe,

Dhoot

et al. 2023

IJAR

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Background: Trypanosoma evansi is a widely prevalent trypanosomes of the Indian subcontinent and is widely documented in species like cattle, buffalo, horses, camel etc. In the wild, an array of animals like deers, jaguar, tigers, leopards, lions, foxes etc can be infected by the trypanosome. Trypanotolerance is an innate mechanism by which the wild animals harbour moderate infection without the development of clinical signs. Methods: The current report highlights the clinical management and molecular investigation of Trypanosomosis in a wild captured leopard. An adult male leopard, was found to exhibit partial inappetence with no other deviation from normal. Blood, serum and faecal investigations were carried out. A Polymerase Chain Reaction was carried out to gain molecular insights. The amplicon was purified and sequenced. The sequenced was submitted to NCBI after BLASTn analysis. Result: The blood smear revealed trypanosomosis while faecal examination revealed heavy infestation with Spirometra which was treated rationally. The animal showed an uneventful recovery after the treatment. The causative agent was identified to Trypanosoma evansi and was found to be identical to similar sequences reported from India and abroad by the phylogenetic analysis.

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“…Wildlife, while generally immunotolerant to trypanosomes ( 103 ) can, however, develop clinical trypanosomiasis ( 104 ) and show varying levels of trypanotolerance among species ( 105 , 106 ). Trypanotolerance is influenced by multiple host intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can develop from previous exposure ( 106 ).…”

Section: Trypanosomes In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa

et al. 2021

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While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.

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Trypanosomosis of wild animals with emphasis on Indian scenario

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy

Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy

Successful Clinical Management and Molecular Investigation of Trypanosomosis in a Wild Captured Leopard

Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa

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