Trypanosomes in Horse Flies and Deer Flies in Central New York State

Krinsky, William L.; Pechuman, L. L.

doi:10.2307/3279098

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The vectors of Megatrypanum trypanosomes of cervids are unknown. Some authors considered tabanids as potential vectors (1, 4, 15) but not ticks (3,14). We here report the transmission of Megatrypanum trypanosomes to fallow deer by tabanids.…”

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confidence: 51%

Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae1

Böse

Friedhoff

Olbrich

1987

The Journal of Protozoology

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Four fallow deer, Cervus dama, became infected with Trypanosoma (megatrypanum) sp. by oral application of triturated guts from tabanids collected in an area with deer but without any cattle; four control calves remained negative. Upon challenge with triturated guts from tabanids from an area with pastured cattle, the four calves became infected with Trypanosoma (M.) theileri. The prepatent period in deer was five days or less. Haematopota spp. and Tabanus spp. were identified as vectors of the deer trypanosomes. It is concluded that the trypanosomes of C. dama belong to a Megatrypanum species that is not identical with T. theileri.

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confidence: 51%

Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae1

Böse

Friedhoff

Olbrich

1987

The Journal of Protozoology

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“…Megatrypanum trypanosomes are thought to be cyclically transmitted by tabanid and hippoboscid flies. Trypanosomes similar to T. cervi have been reported in tabanids (deer flies) in the USA, Germany, Russia, and Poland [22,[29][30][31]. Tabanids harbouring trypanosomes of bovids have been reported in North America [32], South America [24,33], and Africa [34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation

et al. 2020

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Background: The subgenus Megatrypanum Hoare, 1964 of Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878 (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela. Results: Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the Megatrypanum-specific TthCATL-PCR. CATL and SSU rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. In our analyses, the new species was closest to Trypanosoma sp. D30 from fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes from cervids (North American elk and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into the life-cycle of T. trinaperronei n. sp. were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling Megatrypanum trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised. Conclusions: In the analyses based on SSU rRNA, gGAPDH, CATL and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosome, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically closely related hosts. Molecular evidence that L. mazamae may

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“…For T. (M.) theileri no such data are available. Some authors described the morphology of trypanosomatids probably being developmental forms of T. (M.) theileri found in the gut of fieldcollected tabanids [ 13,221. On the basis of these findings and the experimental data for T. (M.) melophagium, a hypothetical life cycle of T. (M.) theileri has been described [9].…”

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Development ofTrypanosoma (M.) theileriin Tabanids

Böse¹,

Heister²

1993

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Thus far the life cycle of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri has not been studied. We collected tabanids during the mass hatching, when only few tabanids are infected with trypanosomes. Tabanids were caught immediately after attacking a bait cow to serve as controls or after they had been allowed to engorge on the Trypanosoma (M.) theileri-infected cow. Tabanids were kept in the laboratory and used to study the developmental cycle of T. (M.) theileri in the tabanid gut. From day 1 to day 10 the presumably unfed controls and the engorged tabanids were dissected and cytological smears made from the mid- and hindgut. In total 2.6% (1/38) of the controls and 39% (23/59) of the engorged tabanids were positive for trypanosomes in the 1991 season. From day 1 to day 4 after engorgement trypanosomes were found in the midgut. Epimastigotes with a length of 29 microm on day 1 after infection multiplied by inequal division to form smaller epimastigotes of 26 microm on day 3. On day 4 morphologically indistinguishable trypanosomes of 21 microm total length were found in both mid- and hindgut. From day 5 to day 10 trypanosomes were found only in the hindgut in which the transformation to metacyclics was demonstrated, i.e., epimastigotes transformed to amastigote stages of 5 microm in total length.

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Trypanosomes in Horse Flies and Deer Flies in Central New York State

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae1

Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae1

Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation

Development ofTrypanosoma (M.) theileriin Tabanids

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