Trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Mihok, Steve; Zweygarth, E.; Munyoki, Eli; Wambua, J. M.; Kock, Richard

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(94)90182-1

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although the final cause of death may be attributed to trypanosomiasis, it is not clear if it was a primary or secondary problem. Trypanosomiasis, including infection with T. brucei s.l., has been implicated previously in the post-translocation deaths of rhino [52]–[54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

et al. 2011

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BackgroundAnimal and human trypanosomiasis are constraints to both animal and human health in Sub-Saharan Africa, but there is little recent evidence as to how these parasites circulate in wild hosts in natural ecosystems. The Luangwa Valley in Zambia supports high densities of tsetse flies (Glossina species) and is recognised as an historical sleeping sickness focus. The objective of this study was to characterise the nature of the reservoir community for trypanosomiasis in the absence of influence from domesticated hosts.Methodology/Principal FindingsA cross-sectional survey of trypanosome prevalence in wildlife hosts was conducted in the Luangwa Valley from 2005 to 2007. Samples were collected from 418 animals and were examined for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l., T. b. rhodesiense, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax using molecular diagnostic techniques. The overall prevalence of infection in all species was 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.71–17.57%). Infection was significantly more likely to be detected in waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) (Odds ratio [OR] = 10.5, 95% CI: 2.36–46.71), lion (Panthera leo) (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.40–19.69), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.41–15.41) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.51–13.56). Bushbucks are important hosts for T. brucei s.l. while the Bovidae appear the most important for T. congolense. The epidemiology of T. vivax was less clear, but parasites were detected most frequently in waterbuck. Human infective T. b. rhodesiense were identified for the first time in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and T. brucei s.l. in leopard (Panthera pardus). Variation in infection rates was demonstrated at species level rather than at family or sub-family level. A number of significant risk factors interact to influence infection rates in wildlife including taxonomy, habitat and blood meal preference.Conclusion and Significance Trypanosoma parasites circulate within a wide and diverse host community in this bio-diverse ecosystem. Consistent land use patterns over the last century have resulted in epidemiological stability, but this may be threatened by the recent influx of people and domesticated livestock into the mid-Luangwa Valley.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

et al. 2011

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“…Trypanosoma simiae was identified as the cause of an outbreak in dromedaries in a Kenyan national park, confirming the susceptibility of camels to this pathogen [3]. T. simiae was also documented as a camel pathogen in Somalia [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on ITS1 rDNA and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in the Sudan

et al. 2011

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BackgroundInternal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA is known to be a suitable target for PCR-based detection of trypanosomes. The analysis of this region provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis by a single PCR. Using ITS1 primer-based PCR, a cross sectional study was carried out in the period from September to November 2009 on samples collected from 687 camels from geographically distinct zones in the Sudan to detect all possible African trypanosomes, which can infect camels.ResultsThe results showed that all PCR-positive camels were infected with a single parasite species; Trypanosoma evansi. The highest prevalence, 57.1% (117/205), was observed in the Butana plains of mid-Eastern Sudan and the lowest, 6.0% (4/67), was in the Umshadeeda eastern part of White Nile State. In another experiment, the RoTat 1.2 gene encoding the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) of T. evansi was analyzed for its presence or absence by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using T. evansi species-specific primers. The study showed that the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was absent in thirteen out of thirty T. evansi-positive samples.ConclusionsIt is concluded that camel trypanosomiasis in Sudan is apparently caused by a single parasite species T. evansi and there were no other typanosomes species detected. In addition, the disease is highly prevalent in the country, which strengthens the need to change control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasite. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular diagnosis report, which gives a picture of camel trypanosomiasis covering large geographical areas in Sudan.

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“…Also, 98% of the tested animals are cattle, despite the fact that the number of small ruminants in the country is more than double that of cattle. The diagnostic of choice and the focus on cattle are also likely to have contributed to the lack of detection of T. simiae, a species of trypanosome that is known to circulate in Kenya [51,52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a national atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Kenya

Ngari¹,

Gamba²,

Olet³

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Background: African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major livestock disease in Kenya. Even though, over the years various organizations have collected a vast amount of field data on tsetse and AAT in different parts of the country, recent national-level maps are lacking. To address this gap, a national atlas of tsetse and AAT distribution is being developed by the Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC) and partners. Methods: All data collected by KENTTEC from 2006 to 2019 were systematically assembled, georeferenced and harmonized. A comprehensive data repository and a spatially-explicit database were created. Input data were collected mainly in the context of control activities, and include both baseline surveys (i.e. pre-intervention) and the subsequent monitoring during and after interventions. Surveys were carried out in four regions (i.e. Western, Rift Valley, Central and Coast), and in 21 of the 47 counties in Kenya. Various devices were used for entomological data collection (i.e. biconical, NGU and H traps, and sticky panels), while the buffy-coat technique was the method used to detect AAT. Results: Tsetse trapping was carried out in approximately 5000 locations, and flies (> 71,000) were caught in all four investigated regions. Six species of Glossina were detected: G. pallidipes (87% of the catches); G. brevipalpis (8%); G. fuscipes fuscipes (4%); G. longipennis (< 1%); G. austeni (< 1%); and G. swynnertoni (< 1%). A total of 49,785 animals (98% of which cattle) were tested for AAT in approximately 500 locations. Of these, 914 animals were found to be infected. AAT was confirmed in all study regions, in particular caused by Trypanosoma vivax (48% of infections) and T. congolense (42%). Fewer cases of T. brucei were found. Conclusions: The development and regular update of a comprehensive national database of tsetse and AAT is crucial to guide decision making for the progressive control of the disease. This first version of the atlas based on KENT-TEC data has achieved a remarkable level of geographical coverage, but temporal and spatial gaps still exist. Other stakeholders at the national and international level will contribute to the initiative, thus improving the completeness of the atlas.

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Trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

Molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on ITS1 rDNA and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in the Sudan

Developing a national atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Kenya

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