2020
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00099
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Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Human Macrophages Shed Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles That Enhance Host-Cell Invasion via Toll-Like Receptor 2

Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi have the ability to interact with host tissues, increase invasion, and modulate the host innate response. In this study, EVs shed from T. cruzi or T.cruzi-infected macrophages were investigated as immunomodulatory agents during the initial steps of infection. Initially, by scanning electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we determined that T. cruzi-infected macrophages release higher numbers of EVs (50-300 nm) as com… Show more

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Cited by 45 publications
(65 citation statements)
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“…On the basis of biogenesis and size, and with respect to protozoan parasites, EVs are broadly classified into exosomes, ectosomes [microparticles or microvesicles (MVs)], and apoptotic bodies (Dong et al, 2019 ; Cronemberger-Andrade et al, 2020 ). Ectosomes are vesicles formed from protrusions on the plasma membrane (PM), while inward budding of endosomes forms microvesicle bodies (MVBs), which exocytically fuse with the plasma membrane to form exosomes (Lozano et al, 2017 ).…”
Section: Ppevs: Formation Characterization and Subcellular Originmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…On the basis of biogenesis and size, and with respect to protozoan parasites, EVs are broadly classified into exosomes, ectosomes [microparticles or microvesicles (MVs)], and apoptotic bodies (Dong et al, 2019 ; Cronemberger-Andrade et al, 2020 ). Ectosomes are vesicles formed from protrusions on the plasma membrane (PM), while inward budding of endosomes forms microvesicle bodies (MVBs), which exocytically fuse with the plasma membrane to form exosomes (Lozano et al, 2017 ).…”
Section: Ppevs: Formation Characterization and Subcellular Originmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PPEVs can promote, re-direct, and suppress immune cell responses depending on the maturation of the immune cell, disease model, T. brucei EV concentration (Silverman et al, 2010b ), amount of T. cruzi EVs (Cronemberger-Andrade et al, 2020 ), site of T. cruzi EV inoculation (Lovo-Martins et al, 2018 ), and time. PPEVs cannot cause infection per se but it can aid subsequent parasitization and diverse innate and chronic immune responses (de Souza and Barrias, 2017 ).…”
Section: Ppevs Bioactive Molecules: Exports and Functionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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