Trypanosoma cruzi: Effects of azadirachtin and ecdysone on the dynamic development in Rhodnius prolixus larvae

Cortez, Mirko Rojas; Provençano, Aluízio Fonseca; Silva, C.E.; Mello, C.B.; Zimmermann, Luciana Teixeira; Schaub, Günter A.; Garcia, Elói S.; Azambuja, Patrı́cia; Gonzalez, Marcelo S.

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.05.005

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Epimastigote forms of T. cruzi were cultured at 28°C in RPMI-1640 liquid medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum 42,43 and collected in their exponential growth phase for insect infection, as in several similar studies. 9,38,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] To calculate the parasite concentration in culture medium, we gently swished flasks containing the parasites in the medium to facilitate even parasite dispersion. We pipetted the parasites into a 0.5% formalin-phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, and then counted them in a Neubauer cell counter under a compound light microscope.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains

Peterson

Graham

Dobson

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The effect of a parasite on the life history of its vector is important for understanding and predicting disease transmission. Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi is a generalist parasite that is diverse across scales from its genetic diversity to the 100s of mammal and vector species it infects. Its vertebrate hosts show quite variable responses to infection, however, to date there are no studies looking at how T. cruzi variability might result in variable outcomes in its invertebrate host. Therefore, we investigated the effect of different T. cruzi I strains on Rhodnius prolixus survival and development. We found significant variation between insects infected with different strains, with some strains having no effect, as compared with uninfected insects, and others with significantly lower survival and development. We also found that different variables had varying importance between strains, with the effect of time postinfection and the blood:weight ratio of the infective meal significantly affecting the survival of insects infected with some strains, but not others. Our results suggest that T. cruzi can be pathogenic not only to its vertebrate hosts but also to its invertebrate hosts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains

Peterson

Graham

Dobson

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The observed effects of the male 20E-MISO interaction in regulating egg development suggest that the evolution of sexually transferred 20E will have influenced other blood-feeding-induced processes, with possible consequences for parasite transmission. Notably, a role for ecdysone in mediating protozoan parasite development has been reported in a number of insect species [reviewed in (22)], including other vectors of human disease (23). …”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of sexual traits influencing vectorial capacity in anopheline mosquitoes

Mitchell

Kakani

South

et al. 2015

Science

105

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The availability of genome sequences from 16 anopheline species provides unprecedented opportunities to study the evolution of reproductive traits relevant for malaria transmission. In Anopheles gambiae, a likely candidate for sexual selection is male 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Sexual transfer of this steroid hormone as part of a mating plug dramatically changes female physiological processes intimately tied to vectorial capacity. By combining phenotypic studies with ancestral state reconstructions and phylogenetic analyses, we show that mating plug transfer and male 20E synthesis are both derived characters that have coevolved in anophelines, driving the adaptation of a female 20E-interacting protein that promotes oogenesis via mechanisms also favoring Plasmodium survival. Our data reveal coevolutionary dynamics of reproductive traits between the sexes likely to have shaped the ability of anophelines to transmit malaria.

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“…Results revealed that burchellin (a lignoid) significantly decreased their number in the digestive tract [18] . The results of another study conducted in Bolivia to evaluate the effect of azadirachtin on the control of Chagas' disease revealed its efficacy to significantly decrease T. cruzi epimastigotes in the digestive tract compared to the control larvae (control and ecdysone-treated groups) [19] . In 2013, Italian investigators demonstrated a close cooperation between 20-hydroxyecdysone and EcR of A. gambiae mosquitoes.…”

Section: Vector Control: the Study Conducted In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 98%

Role of ecdysone in larval metamorphosis

Abaza

2017

Parasitologists United Journal

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Larvae of almost all insects and nematodes have to undergo a cycle of molting for growing and further development, and with the final molt, adults emerge (complete metamorphosis). In insects, it seems that complete metamorphosis takes place through a dormant stage (pupa), in which all larval cells (muscles, salivary glands, gut, etc.) disintegrate by apoptosis. That is why adult forms appear completely different from their pre-pupa larval stages. In contrast, adult nematodes resemble their final larval stages because dormant pupa stages are absent. In insects, molting with or without pupation requires a pro-thoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) secreted by two pairs of cells in the larval brain. This hormone activates prothoracic glands to secrete a steroid hormone, known as the ecdysone. Also by these glands, sufficient production of the juvenile hormone (JH), promotes larva molting. In case of lower JH production, steroid hormones promote pupation, while complete loss of JH leads to direct formation of the adult from the last final larval molt [1]. Steroid hormones have an essential role on the physiological development and behavior of various organisms. Ecdysone is a major steroid hormone that directs major transitions during developmental stages in the life cycle of some helminth and almost all insects by coordinating larval molting and metamorphosis. Ecdysteroid is produced by the prothoracic gland of all insects as 20-hydroxyecdysone. Increase of ecdysteroid induces the expression of genes controlling protein production for larval development. In adult female insects, ecdysone signaling is critical for reproduction as it mediates egg-chamber maturation during oogenesis, whereas in adult males, ecdysteroids have a role in sperm maturation. It is also present in several plants to protect them from agricultural insects. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) is a nuclear receptor found in the cells of reproduction in all insects, and is activated through binding with ecdysteroid. Once activated, it leads to activation of several genes responsible for physiological changes leading to larval ecdysis (molting). EcR is a non-covalent heterodimer of two proteins; EcR protein and ultraspiracle protein (USP), which are homologous to the mammalian farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) proteins, respectively. The term USP is usually used for the EcR partner from dipteran and lepidopteran insects, while RXR is applied in other insects. This means that EcR consists of EcR protein and USP for dipteran and lepidopteran insects, whereas it consists of EcR protein and RXR for other insects [2-5]. EcR is mainly applied to control gene expression with two uses; for gene therapy in medical and agricultural fields, and for drug development and vector control in Parasitology researches. The present editorial aims to throw light on the second application.

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Trypanosoma cruzi: Effects of azadirachtin and ecdysone on the dynamic development in Rhodnius prolixus larvae

Cited by 27 publications

References 64 publications

Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains

Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains

Evolution of sexual traits influencing vectorial capacity in anopheline mosquitoes

Role of ecdysone in larval metamorphosis

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