Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: Enhancement of Infection Rates in the Tsetse Fly, Glossina morsitans, by Feeding Artificial Bloodmeal Mixtures *

Jb, Gingrich; Lm, Macken; Pr, Jackson; Dr, Roberts

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.73

Cited by 4 publications

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“…It seems possible that this threshold may vary with fly/trypanosome combination and will thus require some preliminary experiments if new combinations are used. The parasitaemia of the host may contribute to the probability of infection under natural conditions, but possibly only if the number of parasites ingested is either extremely high or very low [10], [43] and/or depending on the development phase of the parasite within the host [44], [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

2011

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The teneral phenomenon, as observed in Glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. In recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. Furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first bloodmeal in determining the infection prevalence. This study demonstrates that it is not the feeding history of the fly but rather the age (hours after eclosion of the fly from the puparium) of the fly when it takes the first (infective) bloodmeal that determines the level of fly susceptibility to trypanosome infection. We examine this phenomenon in male and female flies from two distinct tsetse clades (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina palpalis palpalis) infected with two salivarian trypanosome species, Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei brucei and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense using Fisher's exact test to examine differences in infection rates. Teneral tsetse aged less than 24 hours post-eclosion (h.p.e.) are twice as susceptible to trypanosome infection as flies aged 48 h.p.e. This trend is conserved across sex, vector clade and parasite species. The life cycle stage of the parasite fed to the fly (mammalian versus insect form trypanosomes) does not alter this age-related bias in infection. Reducing the numbers of parasites fed to 48 h.p.e., but not to 24 h.p.e. flies, increases teneral refractoriness. The importance of this phenomenon in disease biology in the field as well as the necessity of employing flies of consistent age in laboratory-based infection studies is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

2011

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“…In contrast, our saline treatments decreased infection rates, possibly because of the impaired ability of bloodstream forms to survive in the absence of appropriate nutrients. Infection rates are known to vary with the composition of the blood mixture or the form of the parasite (Gingrich et al 1985;Maudlin et al 1986). Clearly, there is still much we do not known about the in vivo processes that underly these various blood, GlcN and saline treatment effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of host blood on infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei and T. simiae

et al. 1993

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Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei and T. simiae isolated from wild-caught Glossina pallidipes were fed to laboratory-reared G. morsitans centralis and G.m. morsitans to determine the effect of host blood at the time of the infective feed on infection rates. Bloodstream forms of trypanosomes were membrane-fed to flies either neat, or mixed with blood from cows, goats, pigs, buffalo, eland, waterbuck and oryx. The use of different bloods for the infective feed resulted in differences in infection rates that were repeatable for both tsetse subspecies and most parasite stocks. Goat, and to a lesser extent, pig blood facilitated infection, producing high infection rates at low parasitaemias. Blood from cows and the wildlife species produced low infection rates, with eland blood producing the lowest. Addition of D(+)-glucosamine (an inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin) increased infection rates in most cases. These results indicate the presence of species-specific factors in blood that affect trypanosome survival in tsetse. In certain hosts, factors actually appear to promote infection. The nature of these factors and how they might interact with midgut lectins and proteases are discussed.

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Isolation of Trypanosoma spp. from wild tsetse flies through procyclic expansion in Glossina morsitans centralis

et al. 1994

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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: Enhancement of Infection Rates in the Tsetse Fly, Glossina morsitans, by Feeding Artificial Bloodmeal Mixtures *

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

The influence of host blood on infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei and T. simiae

Isolation of Trypanosoma spp. from wild tsetse flies through procyclic expansion in Glossina morsitans centralis

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