“…While providing an efficient solution, all the corresponding models still have some limitations, especially regarding the link quality fluctuations and partial knowledge at the nodes; indeed, they do not take into account the quality of the link between the transmitting and the receiving nodes, which may be an important issue since the link quality may strongly fluctuate if it is wireless. The solution in [3,6], and [8] referred to as ICARUS (hybrId inCentive mechAnism for coopeRation stimUlation in ad hoc net-workS) combines the two ideas, namely, reputation and credit system, but it is not suited to scenarios where the actions of the other nodes are not perfectly observed, which results, e.g., in inappropriate punishment (a node is declared selfish while it is cooperative) and therefore in a loss of efficiency. Additionally, in these works, when a node is out of credit, the transmission is blocked and the node cannot send any packet anymore; this might be not practical in some wireless networks where a certain quality of service has to be provided.…”