Trunk extensor and flexor strength of long-distance race car drivers and physically active controls

Baur, Heiner; Müller, Steffen; Pilz, Frederike; Mayer, Patrizia; Mayer, Frank

doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.484066

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The principal finding of the current study was that irrespective of gender, all strength values obtained by alpine skiers were significantly higher than those of the control group. Similar to previous findings in the athletic population (Baur et al, 2010; Ezechieli et al, 2013; McGregor et al, 2004), trunk strength of male athletes was higher than that of females in both groups. Female trunk extension strength was approximately 70-72% that of men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Trunk Strength Characteristics of Elite Alpine Skiers - A Comparison with Physically Active Controls

Hildebrandt

Müller

Heisse

et al. 2017

Journal of Human Kinetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Core muscle imbalances and weak trunk strength are relevant for injury prevention and performance. Information regarding core strength requirements and ideal flexion/extension ratios in alpine skiing is limited. We aimed to compare trunk strength capacities in elite alpine skiers with those of a matched control group. The concentric maximal trunk flexion and extension of 109 elite skiers and 47 active controls were measured at 150°/s in a ballistic mode using the CON-TREX® TP 1000 test system. The relative flexion peak torque was higher in male ski racers (p = 0.003; 2.44 ± 0.30 Nm/kg) than in the controls (2.32 ± 0.42 Nm/kg). The relative peak torque for extension was 4.53 ± 0.65 Nm/kg in ski racers and 4.11 ± 0.52 Nm/kg in the controls (p = 0.001). Female athletes were significantly stronger in both, relative flexion force (p = 0.006; skiers 2.05 ± 0.22 Nm/kg; controls 1.74 ± 0.28 Nm/kg) and relative extension force (p = 0.001; skiers 3.55 ± 0.53 Nm/kg; controls 3.14 ± 0.48 Nm/kg). No significant differences were found in the ratios of flexion to extension forces in females and males. Ski racers are engaged in extensive strength training for both leg and trunk muscles, which explains the higher peak values. Both groups indicated a low ratio from 0.54-0.59, which represents high trunk extensor muscles strength relative to flexor muscles.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Trunk Strength Characteristics of Elite Alpine Skiers - A Comparison with Physically Active Controls

Hildebrandt

Müller

Heisse

et al. 2017

Journal of Human Kinetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As reported in numerous studies, different types of sports reveal specific demands on strength capacity (5,20,23,30,34). Nevertheless, Kibler et al (25) described the role and importance of core stability for all types of sports, regardless of running, throwing, or jumping tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, the ratio of absolute flexor to extensor strength is widely used to evaluate trunk strength capacity (30,33,34,36). Ratios in healthy untrained adults usually range between 0.7 and 0.9 (5,12,30,34). In athletes, the ratio shifts toward 0.5-0.7, which corresponds to an increased extensor strength (5,30,33).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trunk Extensor and Flexor Strength Capacity in Healthy Young Elite Athletes Aged 11–15 Years

Mueller

Stoll

et al. 2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Differences in trunk strength capacity because of gender and sports are well documented in adults. In contrast, data concerning young athletes are sparse. The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum trunk strength of adolescent athletes and to investigate differences between genders and age groups. A total of 520 young athletes were recruited. Finally, 377 (n = 233/144 M/F; 13 ± 1 years; 1.62 ± 0.11 m height; 51 ± 12 kg mass; training: 4.5 ± 2.6 years; training sessions/week: 4.3 ± 3.0; various sports) young athletes were included in the final data analysis. Furthermore, 5 age groups were differentiated (age groups: 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 years; n = 90, 150, 42, 43, and 52, respectively). Maximum strength of trunk flexors (Flex) and extensors (Ext) was assessed in all subjects during isokinetic concentric measurements (60°·s(-1); 5 repetitions; range of motion: 55°). Maximum strength was characterized by absolute peak torque (Flexabs, Extabs; N·m), peak torque normalized to body weight (Flexnorm, Extnorm; N·m·kg(-1) BW), and Flexabs/Extabs ratio (RKquot). Descriptive data analysis (mean ± SD) was completed, followed by analysis of variance (α = 0.05; post hoc test [Tukey-Kramer]). Mean maximum strength for all athletes was 97 ± 34 N·m in Flexabs and 140 ± 50 N·m in Extabs (Flexnorm = 1.9 ± 0.3 N·m·kg(-1) BW, Extnorm = 2.8 ± 0.6 N·m·kg(-1) BW). Males showed statistically significant higher absolute and normalized values compared with females (p < 0.001). Flexabs and Extabs rose with increasing age almost 2-fold for males and females (Flexabs, Extabs: p < 0.001). Flexnorm and Extnorm increased with age for males (p < 0.001), however, not for females (Flexnorm: p = 0.26; Extnorm: p = 0.20). RKquot (mean ± SD: 0.71 ± 0.16) did not reveal any differences regarding age (p = 0.87) or gender (p = 0.43). In adolescent athletes, maximum trunk strength must be discussed in a gender- and age-specific context. The Flexabs/Extabs ratio revealed extensor dominance, which seems to be independent of age and gender. The values assessed may serve as a basis to evaluate and discuss trunk strength in athletes.

show abstract

“…As reported in previous studies, different types of sports reveal specific demands on core stability (Helge and Kanstrup, 2002; McGregor et al, 2004; Iwai et al, 2008; Baur et al, 2010; Mueller et al, 2012). Nevertheless, Kibler et al (2006) described the role of core stability for all types of sports, whether running, throwing or jumping tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Trunk Muscle Activity during Drop Jump Performance in Adolescent Athletes with Back Pain

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the context of back pain, great emphasis has been placed on the importance of trunk stability, especially in situations requiring compensation of repetitive, intense loading induced during high-performance activities, e.g., jumping or landing. This study aims to evaluate trunk muscle activity during drop jump in adolescent athletes with back pain (BP) compared to athletes without back pain (NBP). Eleven adolescent athletes suffering back pain (BP: m/f: n = 4/7; 15.9 ± 1.3 y; 176 ± 11 cm; 68 ± 11 kg; 12.4 ± 10.5 h/we training) and 11 matched athletes without back pain (NBP: m/f: n = 4/7; 15.5 ± 1.3 y; 174 ± 7 cm; 67 ± 8 kg; 14.9 ± 9.5 h/we training) were evaluated. Subjects conducted 3 drop jumps onto a force plate (ground reaction force). Bilateral 12-lead SEMG (surface Electromyography) was applied to assess trunk muscle activity. Ground contact time [ms], maximum vertical jump force [N], jump time [ms] and the jump performance index [m/s] were calculated for drop jumps. SEMG amplitudes (RMS: root mean square [%]) for all 12 single muscles were normalized to MIVC (maximum isometric voluntary contraction) and analyzed in 4 time windows (100 ms pre- and 200 ms post-initial ground contact, 100 ms pre- and 200 ms post-landing) as outcome variables. In addition, muscles were grouped and analyzed in ventral and dorsal muscles, as well as straight and transverse trunk muscles. Drop jump ground reaction force variables did not differ between NBP and BP (p > 0.05). Mm obliquus externus and internus abdominis presented higher SEMG amplitudes (1.3–1.9-fold) for BP (p < 0.05). Mm rectus abdominis, erector spinae thoracic/lumbar and latissimus dorsi did not differ (p > 0.05). The muscle group analysis over the whole jumping cycle showed statistically significantly higher SEMG amplitudes for BP in the ventral (p = 0.031) and transverse muscles (p = 0.020) compared to NBP. Higher activity of transverse, but not straight, trunk muscles might indicate a specific compensation strategy to support trunk stability in athletes with back pain during drop jumps. Therefore, exercises favoring the transverse trunk muscles could be recommended for back pain treatment.

show abstract

Trunk extensor and flexor strength of long-distance race car drivers and physically active controls

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Trunk Strength Characteristics of Elite Alpine Skiers - A Comparison with Physically Active Controls

Trunk Strength Characteristics of Elite Alpine Skiers - A Comparison with Physically Active Controls

Trunk Extensor and Flexor Strength Capacity in Healthy Young Elite Athletes Aged 11–15 Years

Trunk Muscle Activity during Drop Jump Performance in Adolescent Athletes with Back Pain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About