True haemophilia in horses

Rk, Archer; Allen, BV

doi:10.1136/vr.91.26.655

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Spontaneous haemophilia has been described in many other species such as cattle, sheep, cat and horse [21,22,37]. The disease in the horse is severe and the survival of these animals is dismal [38,39].…”

Section: Animal Models Of Haemophiliamentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo models of haemophilia – status on current knowledge of clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions

2008

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Animal models have contributed immensely to the understanding of and the improvement in treatment of haemophilia A and B. First, establishment of haemophilic dog colonies provided an invaluable opportunity to investigate the diseases and later, the advances in gene technologies resulting in small haemophilic animal models were a milestone in the preclinical research making it possible to address some of the many unanswered questions. This review provides an overview of animal models used in the study of haemophilia as well as a short overview of the contributions resulting from studies in these models.

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Section: Animal Models Of Haemophiliamentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo models of haemophilia – status on current knowledge of clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions

2008

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“…The histamine and cellular content of blood from 11 horses subject to epistaxis was found to be normal by Martino (1950). True haemophilia has been recorded in six horses (Archer and Allen, 1972) but none showed epistaxis. The fallacious assumption by Robertson (1913) that haemophilia was a common cause of epistaxis has led lo a considerable misunderstanding of the problem.…”

Section: A T Rest Some Weeks or Months Ajter Epistaxis ( I ) Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epistaxis in the Racehorse

Cook

1974

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SUMMARY It was concluded from a study of 50 horses which “broke blood vessels” at exercise that these horses were bleeding from the lungs and that the problem was associated with a pre‐existing pulmonary disease. Epistaxis was found to be more common in steeplechasers and hurdlers than in horses racing on the flat and, regardless of occupation, there was a predilection to the problem with increasing age. The incidence of epistaxis on racecourses in Australia, South Africa and Malaysia ranged from 0.8‐2.5 per cent. In two and three year old Thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom, epistaxis appeared to be a temporary problem, possibly a sequel to respiratory virus infection. In the older age group the problem was thought to be associated with chronic pulmonary disease, possibly bronchospasm linked with the early stages of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Treatment for chronic pulmonary disease, based on dust‐free stable management, seemed beneficial and either prevented epistaxis or reduced its frequency. Nevertheless, exercise tolerance was probably still reduced and even cured “bleeders” are thought likely to remain permanent pulmonary invalids to a greater or lesser degree. RÉSUMÉ On a pu conclure de l'étude de 50 chevaux réputés saignant du nez à l'exercice que ces animaux souffraient d'hémorragies pulmonaires en relation avec une affection pulmonaire pré‐existante. Les épistaxis furent constatés plus fréquemment chez les steeple chasers et chez les chevaux courant sur les haies que chez les chevaux courant en plat; en outre, indépendamment de la spécialité il y avait une prédisposition grandissant avec l'âge. La fréquence des épistaxis sur les champs de course en Australie, Afrique du Sud et Malaisie varie de 0.8 à 2.5%. En Grande Bretagne chez les deux et trois ans de Race Pure l'épistaxis semble être un problème temporaire, séquelle éventuelle d'une infection respiratoire virale. Chez les animaux plus âgés on a établi une relation entre cette affection et la maladie pulmonaire chronique obstructive, notamment avec un broncho spasme présent dans les premiers stades de la bronchite chronique et de l'emphysème pulmonaire. Le traitement de la maladie pulmonaire chronique obstructive, basé sur une stabulation sans poussières, parut efficace et prévenait ou diminuait la fréquence des saignements de nez. Néammoins la tolérance à l'effort parut encore diminuée et l'on peut penser que les chevaux susceptibles sont difficilement capables d'atteindre le plenum de leurs capacités sportives en compétition. On conclut en estimant que les chevaux atteints et guéris demeurent des invalides pulmonaires à un degré plus ou moins important. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Aufgrund einer Studie, die 50 Pferde mit Epistaxis umfasste, wurde der Schluss gezogen, dass es sich ursächlich um Lungenblutungen handle und dass das Problem verbunden sei mit vorbestehenden Lungener‐krankungen. Nasenbluten wurde häufiger bei Steeplechasern und Hürdlern als bei Flachrennpferden gefunden. Der Zustand wird—unabhängig von der Art der Arbeit— mit zunehme...

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“…Affected females have two nonfunctional copies and males have one nonfunctional copy of the F8 gene. As such, haemophilia A is more common in males, with all of the published records in male horses 6,9–14 . Haemophilia A has been reported in Thoroughbreds, 7,10,11,15,16 Standardbreds, 9,14 Quarter Horses, 12,13 an Arabian 8 and a Tennessee Walker 6 .…”

Section: Inherited Equine Disorders Affecting the Coagulation Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of equine bleeding disorders

Dahlgren

Tablin

Finno

2020

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Clotting is an essential biologic process. Several genetic bleeding disorders have been identified in horses, affecting the coagulation cascade and platelet function. These disorders are typically heritable and therefore passed down from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms have been identified for some equine bleeding disorders while others remain unknown. This review is focused on the genetics of equine diseases affecting the coagulation cascade and platelet function (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1). 2 | HAEMOS TA S IS TE S TING Haemostasis tests are the cornerstone of diagnosing bleeding disorders across species. To appreciate how bleeding disorders in horses are diagnosed, it is necessary to understand how several of these tests work. Platelet count is important as it can indicate an ongoing disease or infection if the count is higher or lower than the normal range (94-232 × 10 3 /µL at Cornell Clinical Pathology Laboratory). In addition to assessing overall platelet number on a complete blood count, a basic large animal coagulation panel, which includes activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen should be evaluated. The first two quantify the time for blood to clot following the addition of standard amounts of agonists to plasma. Blood is drawn into a tube that contains citrate, which acts as an anticoagulant by binding all the extracellular calcium. Plasma is separated by centrifugation and removed. An excess of calcium is added to the plasma to allow it to clot. To determine aPTT, an activating substance for Factor XII (eg silica, celite, kaolin, ellagic acid) is added to simulate the intrinsic (also known as the contact) pathway. 1 To determine PT, tissue factor is added to activate the extrinsic pathway. 1 To measure fibrinogen activity, thrombin is added to plasma and the time it takes for a clot to form is optically measured and compared to a reference interval. 1 The amount of fibrinogen is also compared to a species-specific standard curve to quantify how much fibrinogen is present in a volume of blood. 1 It is important to also keep in mind that increased fibrinogen can also be indicative of inflammation, not just a bleeding disorder. 2 Some laboratories also include the test for fibrin degradation products (FDPs) or D-dimers that are the result of the breakdown of a clot. FDPs and D-dimers differ in that D-dimers include the smallest crosslinked dimers of

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True haemophilia in horses

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

In vivo models of haemophilia – status on current knowledge of clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions

In vivo models of haemophilia – status on current knowledge of clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions

Epistaxis in the Racehorse

Genetics of equine bleeding disorders

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