True Colors of Oceanography: Guidelines for Effective and Accurate Colormap Selection

Thyng, Kristen M.; Greene, Chad A.; Hetland, Robert D.; Zimmerle, Heather; DiMarco, Steven F.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.66

Cited by 396 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Delaney and Gartner, 1997;Walker, 1993). Our study, however, suggests that the observed range of sill attitudes is indicative of magmatism during a deviatoric far-field stress state (e.g.…”

Section: Sill Geometry As a Record Of Far-field Stresscontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…Notably, many field examples of sills and dikes exhibit near-parallel dilation vectors, regardless of the intrusion attitude (e.g. Hoek, 1991;Walker, 1993;Airoldi et al, 2011;Martinez-Poza et al, 2014;Muirhead et al, 2014;Eide et al, 2016;Walker et al, 2017). Intrusions that demonstrate shear offset of markers across their margins indicate that during emplacement the dilation vector was inclined from plane normal (Muirhead et al, 2014;Walker et al, 2017); this obliquity of opening can be characterised by the opening angle (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical models to estimate the paleostress state from igneous intrusions

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Dikes and sills represent an important component of the deformation history in volcanic systems, but unlike dikes, sills are typically omitted from traditional paleostress analyses in tectonic studies. The emplacement of sheet intrusions is commonly associated with Mode I fracturing in a low deviatoric stress state, in which dilation is perpendicular to the fracture plane. Many natural examples of sills and dikes, however, are observed to accommodate minor shear offsets, in addition to a component of dilation. Here we present mechanical models for sills in the San Rafael subvolcanic field, Utah, which use field-based measurements of intrusion attitude and opening angles to constrain the tectonic stress axes during emplacement and the relative magma pressure for that stress state. The sills display bimodal dips to the NE and SW and consistent vertical opening directions, despite variable sill dips. Based on sill attitude and opening angles, we find that the sills were emplaced during a phase of NE-SW horizontal shortening. Calculated principal stress axes are consistent (within ∼ 4 • ) with paleostress results for penecontemporaneous thrust faults in the area. The models presented here can be applied to any set of dilational structures, including dikes, sills, or hydrous veins, and represent a robust method for characterising the paleostress state in areas where other brittle deformation structures (e.g. faults) are not present.

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“…Delaney and Gartner, 1997;Walker, 1993). Our study, however, suggests that the observed range of sill attitudes is indicative of magmatism during a deviatoric far-field stress state (e.g.…”

Section: Sill Geometry As a Record Of Far-field Stresscontrasting

confidence: 44%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical models to estimate the paleostress state from igneous intrusions

et al. 2018

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“…In (b), the triangles indicate the times of the hydrographic surveys and the thick horizontal bar indicates a 17‐day period associated with light upwelling winds and persistent near‐inertial oscillations, which is further examined in Figures . In (d), the coloration is phase wrapped so that 0° and 359° are similarly shaded following Thyng et al ().…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Column Stability and the Role of Velocity Shear on a Seasonally Stratified Shelf, Mississippi Bight, Northern Gulf of Mexico

et al. 2018

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Water column stability is a critical component of coastal systems, regulating the vertical exchange of momentum, mass, and biogeochemical constituents. Observations of water column velocity and hydrographic conditions during the summer of 2010 were used to investigate aspects of the region of freshwater influence in the Mississippi Bight. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth surveys south of Mobile Bay indicated strong stratification (peak buoyancy frequencies ~0.09–0.3 s−1) across the inner and midshelf. Despite this strong stratification, mooring data from the 20‐m isobath indicated that the bulk Richardson numbers (Ri) can span 3 orders of magnitude, O(1–100). Examination of the high‐frequency (hourly) shear and buoyancy frequency time series revealed downwelling conditions, and near‐inertial oscillations were primarily responsible for generating instances of relatively low stability (bulk Ri < 1). Periods of intense near‐inertial oscillations also intermittently drove synthetic gradient Ri to critical or near‐critical levels within the pycnocline. While the near‐inertial oscillations were dominated by a clockwise rotating two‐layer structure, there was also a secondary three‐layer structure, both of which interacted with the low‐frequency upwelling to produce highly variable vertical structuring of the horizontal velocity. The resulting velocity shear on water column stability may have important implications for shelf hypoxia during the stratified season in the Mississippi Bight.

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“…Analysis was done in Python using numpy, scipy, wrf-python [Ladwig, 2017], and xarray [Hoyer and Hamman, 2017]. Plots were made using matplotlib and cartopy [Met Office, 2010], with color map support from cmocean [Thyng et al, 2016]. Scripts used to create WRF and CESM runs as well as all figures are hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bairdlangenbrunner/ amazon-phys-response-paper.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why does Amazon precipitation decrease when tropical forests respond to increasing CO2?

Langenbrunner¹,

Pritchard²,

Kooperman³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Key Points:• Increasing CO 2 over the Amazon causes a drier, warmer, and expanded boundary layer and reduces basin-wide rainfall within the first day • On synoptic timescales, enhanced lower free troposphere moisture is advected westward by the low-level jet, increasing Andean rainfall • A wetter Andes, dryer Amazon pattern is consistent across regional and global climate models and parameterized versus resolved convectionCorresponding author: Baird Langenbrunner, blangenb@uci.edu EarthArXiv PREPRINTEarthArXiv PREPRINT of confidential manuscript submitted to Earth's Future AbstractEarth system models predict a zonal dipole of precipitation change over tropical South America, with decreases over the Amazon and increases over the Andes. Much of this has been attributed to the physiological response of the rainforest to elevated CO 2 , which describes a basin-wide reduction in stomatal conductance and transpiration. While robust in Earth system model experiments, details of the underlying atmospheric mechanismspecifically how it evolves in the context of land-atmosphere interaction and the diurnal cycle-are unresolved. We investigate this using idealized model simulations and find that within 24 hours of a CO 2 increase, changes occur over the Amazon that engender synoptic timescale feedbacks. Decreased evapotranspiration from the rainforest throttles near-surface moisture, inducing a drier, warmer, and deeper boundary layer. Above this, enhanced turbulent diffusivity increases vapor in the lower free troposphere. Together, these processes reduce convective activity and cause immediate decreases in Amazon rainfall. Over the synoptic timescale, these changes leave behind lower tropospheric moisture, which is advected westward by the background jet and increases Andean precipitation. This produces a dipole of precipitation change consistent across global and regional models as well as parameterized and resolved convection, though details are sensitive to model topography and boundary layer formulation. The mechanism reported here stresses the importance of fast timescale processes affecting stability over a period of hours that can influence longer-term vegetation-climate interactions. These results help clarify the Amazon's physiological response to rising CO 2 and provide insight into possible causes of historical model biases and end-of-century uncertainty in this region.

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True Colors of Oceanography: Guidelines for Effective and Accurate Colormap Selection

Cited by 396 publications

References 20 publications

Mechanical models to estimate the paleostress state from igneous intrusions

Mechanical models to estimate the paleostress state from igneous intrusions

Water Column Stability and the Role of Velocity Shear on a Seasonally Stratified Shelf, Mississippi Bight, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Why does Amazon precipitation decrease when tropical forests respond to increasing CO2?

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