A complex network of many interacting mechanisms orchestrates immune and inflammatory responses. Among these, the cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family expressed by resident tissue cells, inflammatory and immune cells and distinct subsets of primary sensory neurons, have emerged as a novel and interrelated system to detect and respond to harmful agents. TRP channels, by means of their direct effect on the intracellular levels of cations and/or through the indirect modulation of a large series of intracellular pathways, orchestrate a range of cellular processes, such as cytokine production, cell differentiation and cytotoxicity. The contribution of TRP channels to the transition of inflammation and immune responses from a defensive early response to a chronic and pathological condition is also emerging as a possible underlying mechanism in various diseases. This review discusses the roles of TRP channels in inflammatory and immune cell function and provides an overview of the effects of inflammatory and immune TRP channels on the pathogenesis of human diseases.Abbreviations ADPR, ADP ribose; APC, antigen presenting cell; BMMCs, bone marrow-derived mast cells; cADPR, cyclic ADPR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRAC, Ca 2+ -release activated channel; DCs, dendritic cells; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; fMLP, fMet-Leu-Phe peptide; MCs, mast cells; NAADP, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NOX, NADPH oxidase; ORAI1, Ca 2+ -release-activated Ca 2+ channel protein 1; PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes; SOCE, store-operated calcium entry; STIM1, stromal interaction molecule 1; TCR, T-cell receptor Tables of Links TARGETS Voltage-gated Ion Channels TRPM1 TRPV1 TRPA1 TRPM2 TRPV2 TRPC1 TRPM4 TRPV4 TRPC3 TRPM5 TRPV5 TRPC5 TRPM7 TRPV6 TRPC6 TRPM8
Dendritic cellsDendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient APCs, are the first orchestrators of the immune response, given that they patrol the environment throughout the body and determine whether and how an immune response should be initiated (Lipscomb and Masten, 2002). DCs are specifically able to process, interpret and, finally, communicate the nature of the pathogenic stimulus to initiate all antigen-driven immune responses (Banchereau and Steinman, 1998). DCs capture and process pathogenic antigens, express costimulatory molecules that are able to enhance the T-cell response, secrete stimulatory cytokines and are involved in the maintenance of the immune tolerance (the ability of immune system to not produce immune responses against self-antigens or non-pathogenic environmental antigens) (Mellman, 2013). Pathogenic stimuli switch immature DCs, adept at antigen accumulation, to mature DCs, specialized for T-cell stimulation, which express a high level of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines, and migrate to lymph nodes.
PMNsPMNs are key players in inflammatory processes.
Monocytes and macrophagesMacrophages and their precursors, monocytes, have ...