Troubled Aftermath Of An Explosion At Sea

Boyars, Carl

doi:10.1021/cen-v077n025.p053

Cited by 1 publication

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“…107 Six impact and three friction sensitiveness tests have been developed over the years in various countries to rank explosives and their compositions, particularly with regard to safety in transport. 55,108,109 These tests are described in the 'UN manual of test and criteria for transport of dangerous goods'. The ones most widely used are the Rotter 110,111 and BAM [112][113][114][115] dropweight tests (Fig.…”

Section: Intentional and Unintentional Initiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal sensitivities of energetic materials

Walley¹,

Field²,

Greenaway³

2006

Materials Science and Technology

116

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Organic and inorganic explosives were first developed and put into service in the 19th century, before there was much understanding of how the energy release mechanisms differed from those of the long established gunpowder. Theoretical advances in the understanding of shock waves combined with improvements in photographic and electronic techniques led to the hypothesis that a detonation is a shock wave maintained by the rapid release of chemical energy. Studies of accidental ignitions/initiations showed that explosive events can occur even when the energy input is much less than that required to heat the bulk explosive to the deflagration temperature. Hence, the highly fruitful idea of the localised hot spot was conceived. Apart from electrical stimuli, the main hot spot mechanisms are currently accepted as being adiabatic asymmetric collapse of gas spaces (producing gas heating, jetting, viscoplastic work) and the rubbing together of surfaces as in friction or adiabatic shear. Initiation mechanisms are also connected with the anisotropy of plasticity and fracture in explosive crystals. Decomposition of molecules can take place as they are forced past each other in a deforming crystal. There is, however, still much to discover about reaction pathways. Novel optical and electron microscopy techniques have given a great deal of new and precise information about displacements and failure mechanisms when explosive crystals are bonded together using polymers. The deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) has been extensively studied in model one-and two-dimensional systems.

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