Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri series

Anfossi, D.; Sandroni, S.; Viarengo, S.

doi:10.1029/91jd01474

Cited by 107 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Comparison with the few existing measurements during the preindustrial period (Volz and Kley, 1988;Anfossi et al, 1991;Sandroni et al, 1992;Marenco et al, 1994;Sandroni and Anfossi, 1994;Pavelin et al, 1999) indicates that the model may overestimate ozone concentrations (within a factor of two and in some cases above a factor of 3), with only 3 occasions (over wintertime Japan) of calculated O 3 concentration above 30 ppbv. These high O 3 levels are mainly associated with strong stratospheric influx of ozone in the troposphere in the northern hemisphere during the winter and spring periods.…”

Section: Oxidant Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

et al. 2006

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Abstract. To elucidate human induced changes of aerosol load and composition in the atmosphere, a coupled aerosol and gas-phase chemistry transport model of the troposphere and lower stratosphere has been used. The present 3-D modeling study focuses on aerosol chemical composition change since preindustrial times considering the secondary organic aerosol formation together with all other main aerosol components including nitrate. In particular, we evaluate non-seasalt sulfate (nss-SO = 4 ), ammonium (NH + 4 ), nitrate (NO − 3 ), black carbon (BC), sea-salt, dust, primary and secondary organics (POA and SOA) with a focus on the importance of secondary organic aerosols. Our calculations show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) has increased by about 21% since preindustrial times. This enhancement of AOD is attributed to a rise in the atmospheric load of BC, nss-SO = 4 , NO − 3 , POA and SOA by factors of 3.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.3 and 1.2, respectively, whereas we assumed that the natural dust and sea-salt sources remained constant. The nowadays increase in carbonaceous aerosol loading is dampened by a 34-42% faster conversion of hydrophobic to hydrophilic carbonaceous aerosol leading to higher removal rates. These changes between the various aerosol components resulted in significant modifications of the aerosol chemical composition. The relative importance of the various aerosol components is critical for the aerosol climatic effect, since atmospheric aerosols behave differently when their chemical composition changes. According to this study, the aerosol composition changed significantly over the different contiCorrespondence to: M. Kanakidou (mariak@chemistry.uoc.gr) nents and with height since preindustrial times. The presence of anthropogenically emitted primary particles in the atmosphere facilitates the condensation of the semi-volatile species that form SOA onto the aerosol phase, particularly in the boundary layer. The SOA burden that is dominated by the natural component has increased by 24% while its contribution to the AOD has increased by 11%. The increase in oxidant levels and preexisting aerosol mass since preindustrial times is the reason of the burden change, since emissions have not changed significantly. The computed aerosol composition changes translate into about 2.5 times more water associated with non sea-salt aerosol. Additionally, aerosols contain 2.7 times more inorganic components nowadays than during the preindustrial times. We find that the increase in emissions of inorganic aerosol precursors is much larger than the corresponding aerosol increase, reflecting a non-linear atmospheric response.

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Section: Oxidant Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

et al. 2006

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“…The magnitude of the preindustrial level of ozone is not accurately established. Early observations made with the widely used Schönbein paper (a test paper impregnated with a mixture of potassium iodide and starch, and exposed to the air for several hours) suggest that the surface ozone mixing ratio was as low as 5-20 ppbv at the end of the nineteenth century (Volz and Kley 1988;Anfossi et al 1991) in most parts of the world, even in continental regions like Europe. However, as highlighted by Pavelin et al (1999), the measurements made using Schön-bein's method were contaminated by the presence of water vapor, and uncertainties in the humidity correc-tion have led to considerable inaccuracies in these ozone measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Climate Change on the Future Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere

et al. 2006

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A global chemical transport model of the atmosphere [the Model for Ozone and Related Tracers, version 2 (MOZART-2)] driven by prescribed surface emissions and by meteorological fields provided by the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM-1) coupled atmosphere-ocean model is used to assess how expected climate changes (2100 versus 2000 periods) should affect the chemical composition of the troposphere. Calculations suggest that ozone changes resulting from climate change only are negative in a large fraction of the troposphere because of enhanced photochemical destruction by water vapor. In the Tropics, increased lightning activity should lead to larger ozone concentrations. The magnitude of the climate-induced ozone changes in the troposphere remains smaller than the changes produced by enhanced anthropogenic emissions when the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2P is adopted to describe the future evolution of these emissions. Predictions depend strongly on future trends in atmospheric methane levels, which are not well established. Changes in the emissions of NOx by bacteria in soils and of nonmethane hydrocarbons by vegetation associated with climate change could have a significant impact on future ozone levels.

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“…Figure 9.5 shows the surface 0 3 concentrations predicted for the preindustrial scenario. Historical data from three regions (Montsouris, France; Moncalieri, Italy; and South America) have recently been re-examined (Volz and Kley, 1988;Anfossi et al, 1991;Sandroni et a1 . 1992).…”

Section: Model Results Of the Changes In 0 3 And Oh Since Preindustrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl radical in a global, three-dimensional, chemistry, transport, and deposition model

Atherton¹

1995

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PREDICTING TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND HYDROXYL RADI-CAL IN A GLOBAL, THREE-DIMENSIONAL, CHEMISTRY, TRANSPORT, AND DEPOSITION MODELTwo of the most important chemically reactive tropospheric gases are ozone (03) and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Although ozone in the stratosphere is a necessary protector against the sun's radiation, tropospheric ozone is actually a pollutant which damages materials and vegetation, acts as a respiratory irritant, and is a greenhouse gas. One of the two main sources of ozone in the troposphere is photochemical production. The photochemistry is initiated when hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide ( CO) react with nitrogen oxides (NO, = NO + N02) in the presence of sunlight. Reaction with the hydroxyl radical, .OH, is the main sink for many tropospheric gases. The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a lifetime on the order of seconds. Its formation is initiated by the photolysis of tropospheric ozone.Tropospheric chemistry involves a complex, non-hear set of chemical reactions between atmospheric species that vary substantially in time and space. To model these and other species on a global scale requires the use of a global, three-dimensional chemistry. transport, and deposition (CTD) model. In this work, I developed two such three dimensional CTD models. The first model incorporated the chemistry necessary to model tropospheric ozone production from the reactions of nitrogen oxides with carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CQ). The second also included longer-lived alkane species and the biogenic hydrocarbon isoprene, which is emitted by growing plants and trees. The models' ability to predict a number of key variables (including the concentration of 03, OH, and other species) were evaluated. Then, several scenarios were simulated to understand the change in the chemistry of the troposphere since preindustrial times and the role of anthropogenic NO, on present day conditions.

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Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri series

Cited by 107 publications

References 11 publications

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

Impact of Climate Change on the Future Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere

Predicting tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl radical in a global, three-dimensional, chemistry, transport, and deposition model

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