Tropospheric halocompounds and nitrous oxide monitored at a remote site in the Mediterranean

Artuso, Florinda; Chamard, P.; Chiavarini, Salvatore; Sarra, Alcide di; Meloni, Daniela; Piacentino, Salvatore; Sferlazzo, M.D.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.019

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It was downloaded from the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/, accessed 15 November 2012), except for the Gosan data. We use both flasks (from the NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) [ Montzka et al , ; Montzka et al , ] and from the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) [ Artuso et al , ] networks) and continuous measurements (from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) [ Prinn et al , ; O'Doherty et al , ] and from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) networks [ Yokouchi et al , ]), respectively, named “event” and “daily” data in the database. Continuous measurements by the AGAGE and NIES networks were averaged over daytime, and these daily means were used as constraints together with the flask measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

et al. 2015

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The 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), an important alternative to CFC-12 in accordance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, is a high global warming potential greenhouse gas. Here we evaluate variations in global and regional HFC-134a emissions and emission trends, from 1995 to 2010, at a relatively high spatial and temporal (3.75°in longitude × 2.5°in latitude and 8 day) resolution, using surface HFC-134a measurements. Our results show a progressive increase of global HFC-134a emissions from 19 ± 2 Gg/yr in 1995 to 167 ± 5 Gg/yr in 2010, with both a slowdown in developed countries and a 20%/yr increase in China since 2005. A seasonal cycle is also seen since 2002, which becomes enhanced over time, with larger values during the boreal summer.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

et al. 2015

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“…At the Station for Climate Observations, which is located on a 45 m a.s.l. plateau on the North-Eastern coast of Lampedusa, continuous observations of greenhouse gases concentration (Artuso et al, 2009(Artuso et al, , 2010, aerosol properties (di Meloni et al, 2006;Pace et al, 2006), total ozone, ultraviolet irradiance (di Sarra et al, 2002;Meloni et al, 2004;, and other climatic parameters are carried out.…”

Section: Measurements and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for heavy fuel oil combustion aerosols from chemical analyses at the island of Lampedusa: a possible large role of ships emissions in the Mediterranean

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Measurements of aerosol chemical composition made on the island of Lampedusa, south of the Sicily channel, during years [2004][2005][2006][2007][2008], are used to identify the influence of heavy fuel oil (HFO) combustion emissions on aerosol particles in the Central Mediterranean. Aerosol samples influenced by HFO are characterized by elevated Ni and V soluble fraction (about 80 % for aerosol from HFO combustion, versus about 40 % for crustal particles), high V and Ni to Si ratios, and values of V sol > 6 ng m −3 . Evidence of HFO combustion influence is found in 17 % of the daily samples. Back trajectories analysis on the selected events show that air masses prevalently come from the Sicily channel region, where an intense ship traffic occurs. This behavior suggests that single fixed sources like refineries are not the main responsible for the elevated V and Ni events, which are probably mainly due to ships emissions.V sol , Ni sol , and non-sea salt SO 2− 4 (nssSO 2− 4 ) show a marked seasonal behaviour, with an evident summer maximum. Such a pattern can be explained by several processes: (i) increased photochemical activity in summer, leading to a faster production of secondary aerosols, mainly nssSO 2− 4 , from the oxidation of SO 2 (ii) stronger marine boundary layer (MBL) stability in summer, leading to higher concentration of emitted compounds in the lowest atmospheric layers. A very intense event in spring 2008 was studied in detail, also using size segregated chemical measurements. These data show that elements arising from heavy oil combustion (V, Ni, Al, Fe) are distributed in the sub-micrometric fraction of the aerosol, and the metals are present as free metals, carbonates, oxides hydrates or labile complex with organic ligands, so that they are dissolved in mild condition (HNO 3 , pH1.5).Data suggest a characteristic nssSO 2− 4 /V ratio in the range 200-400 for HFO combustion aerosols in summer at Lampedusa. By using the value of 200 a lower limit for the HFO contribution to total sulphates is estimated. HFO combustion emissions account, as a summer average, at least for 1.2 µg m −3 , representing about 30 % of the total nssSO 2− 4 , 3.9 % of PM 10 , 8 % of PM 2.5 , and 11 % of PM1. Within the used dataset, sulphate from HFO combustion emissions reached the peak value of 6.1 µg m −3 on 26 June 2008, when it contributed by 47 % to nssSO 2− 4 , and by 15 % to PM 10 .

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“…plateau on the north-eastern coast of Lampedusa, at the Station for Climate Observations maintained by ENEA (the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development). At this site, continuous observations of greenhouse gases (Artuso et al, 2009(Artuso et al, , 2010, aerosol properties Meloni et al, 2006;Pace et al, 2006), total ozone (Gómez Amo et al, 2012), ultraviolet irradiance (di Sarra et al, 2002; Harrison et al, 1994). The MFRSR is a sevenchannel radiometer which measures global and diffuse irradiances, and allows for the determination of column aerosol optical depth at five wavelengths (416, 496, 615, 671, and 869 nm).…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saharan dust aerosol over the central Mediterranean Sea: PM<sub>10</sub> chemical composition and concentration versus optical columnar measurements

et al. 2014

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Abstract. This study aims to determine the mineral contribution to PM 10 in the central Mediterranean Sea, based on 7 yr of daily PM 10 samplings made on the island of Lampedusa (35.5 • N, 12.6 • E).The chemical composition of the PM 10 samples was determined by ion chromatography for the main ions, and, on selected samples, by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for the total content of crustal markers. Aerosol optical depth measurements were carried out in parallel to the PM 10 sampling.The average PM 10 concentration at Lampedusa over the period June 2004-December 2010 is 31.5 µg m −3 , with low interannual variability. The annual means are below the EU annual standard for PM 10 , but 9.9 % of the total number of daily data exceeds the daily threshold value established by the European Commission for PM (50 µg m −3 , European Community, EC/30/1999).The Saharan dust contribution to PM 10 was derived by calculating the contribution of Al, Si, Fe, Ti, non-sea-salt (nss) Ca, nssNa, and nssK oxides in samples in which PIXE data were available. Cases in which crustal content exceeded the 75th percentile of the crustal oxide content distribution were identified as elevated dust events. Using this threshold, we obtained 175 events. Fifty-five elevated dust events (31.6 %) displayed PM 10 higher than 50 µg m −3 , with dust contributing by 33 % on average.The crustal contribution to PM 10 has an annual average value of 5.42 µg m −3 , and reaches a value as high as 67.9 µg m −3 (corresponding to 49 % of PM 10 ) during an intense Saharan dust event.The crustal content estimated from a single tracer, such as Al or Ca, is in good agreement with the one calculated as the sum of the metal oxides. Conversely, larger crustal contents are derived by applying the EU guidelines for demonstration and subtraction of exceedances in PM 10 levels due to high background of natural aerosol. The crustal aerosol amount and contribution to PM 10 showed a very small seasonal dependence; conversely, the dust columnar burden displays an evident annual cycle, with a strong summer maximum (monthly average aerosol optical depth at 500 nm up to 0.28 in June-August). We found that 71.3 % of the dust events identified from optical properties over the atmospheric column display a high dust content at the ground level. Conversely, the remaining 28.7 % of cases present a negligible or small impact on the surface aerosol composition due to the transport processes over the Mediterranean Sea, where dust frequently travels above the marine boundary layer, especially in summer.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. M. Marconi et al.: Saharan dust aerosol over the central Mediterranean SeaBased on backward trajectories, two regions, one in Algeria-Tunisia, and one in Libya, are identified as main source areas for intense dust episodes occurring mainly in autumn and winter. Data on the bulk composition of mineral aerosol arising from these two source areas are scarce; results on characteristic ratios between ele...

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Tropospheric halocompounds and nitrous oxide monitored at a remote site in the Mediterranean

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

Evidence for heavy fuel oil combustion aerosols from chemical analyses at the island of Lampedusa: a possible large role of ships emissions in the Mediterranean

Saharan dust aerosol over the central Mediterranean Sea: PM<sub>10</sub> chemical composition and concentration versus optical columnar measurements

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Tropospheric halocompounds and nitrous oxide monitored at a remote site in the Mediterranean

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

Evidence for heavy fuel oil combustion aerosols from chemical analyses at the island of Lampedusa: a possible large role of ships emissions in the Mediterranean

Saharan dust aerosol over the central Mediterranean Sea: PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; chemical composition and concentration versus optical columnar measurements

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Saharan dust aerosol over the central Mediterranean Sea: PM<sub>10</sub> chemical composition and concentration versus optical columnar measurements