Tropospheric Aerosols

Heintzenberg, Jost; Raes, Frank; Schwartz, Stephen E.; Ackermann, I.J.; Artaxo, Paulo; Bates, T. S.; Benkovitz, C.M.; Bigg, K.; Bond, Tami C.; Brenguier, Jean‐Louis; Eisele, F. L.; Feichter, J.; Flossman, Andrea I.; Fuzzi, Sandra; Graf, Hans‐F.; Hales, J.M.; Herrmann, Hartmut; Hoffmann, Thorsten; Huebert, B. J.; Husar, Rudolf B.; Jaenicke, R.; Kärcher, B.; Kaufman, Yoram J.; Kent, G. S.; Kulmala, Markku; Leck, Caroline; Liousse, Catherine; Lohmann, Ulrike; Marticorena, Béatrice; McMurry, Peter H.; Noone, Kevin J.; O’Dowd, Colin; Penner, Joyce E.; Pszenny, Alex; Putaud, Jean-Philipe; Quinn, Patricia K.; Schurath, U.; Seinfeld, John H.; Sievering, H.; Snider, Jeffrey; Sokolik, I. N.; Stratmann, Frank; Dingenen, Rita Van; Westphal, Douglas L.; Wexler, Anthony S.; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Winker, David M.; Wilson, J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18984-5_4

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A better estimate of sea-salt production seems close to the lower end, for example, Erickson et al [1999] recently reported a value of 2780 Tg NaCl/yr. An estimate of 1300 Tg/yr from Andreas et al [1995] was regarded as a best estimation by Heintzenberg et al [2003].…”

Section: Bromine Emissions 211 Sources Of Bromine From Bromocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study

et al. 2005

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[1] An off-line three-dimensional tropospheric chemical transport model, parallelTropospheric Off-Line Model of Chemistry and Transport (p-TOMCAT), has been extended by incorporating a detailed bromine chemistry scheme that contains gas-phase reactions and heterogeneous reactions on both cloud particles and background aerosols. Bromine emission from bromocarbon photo-oxidation and from sea-salt bromine depletion and bromine removal through dry and wet deposition are included. Using this model, tropospheric bromine chemistry and ozone budgets are studied. The zonal mean of the inorganic gas-phase bromine compounds (Br x ) is calculated to be high (4-8 pptv) in the lower troposphere of the midlatitudes to high latitudes in each hemisphere, with decreasing trends with altitude (down to $2-3 pptv in the upper troposphere). The lowest Br x (<2 pptv) is over low latitudes, corresponding to small sea-salt Br emission and a high rate of precipitation scavenging. A mean lifetime of $5 days is obtained for the tropospheric Br x . Sea-salt emission plays the dominant role in total Br x in the lower troposphere while organic Br-containing compounds are important in upper layers. High daytime BrO mixing ratios (>1 pptv) are found over the high-latitude ocean surface, corresponding to high tropospheric column BrO values of up to 1.6 Â 10 13 molecules/cm 2 in the monthly mean. The addition of bromine chemistry to the model leads to a reduction in tropospheric ozone amounts by 4-6% in the Northern Hemisphere and up to $30% in the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes. The net ozone loss depends not only on total Br x , but also on solar irradiance, especially at high latitudes. The hydrolysis reaction of bromine nitrate, which occurs on cloud and aerosol surfaces (BrONO 2 + H 2 O aq ! HOBr + HNO 3 ), has a significant influence on ozone chemistry through its effect on NO x as well as on reactive BrO and Br.

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Section: Bromine Emissions 211 Sources Of Bromine From Bromocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study

et al. 2005

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“…However, owing to land‐use/cover change, the amount of degraded land has increased over the past two centuries, increasing the area of dust sources. The amount of mineral dust in the atmosphere may have increased by 50–100% due to human activities 43…”

Section: Human Imprint On the Compartments Of The Earth Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed trends in Earth System behavior

Steffen

2010

WIREs Climate Change

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The behavior of the Earth System over the past two centuries has been dominated by the rapid rise of human activities as a significant geophysical force at the global scale. After the proximate and ultimate human drivers of change in the Earth System are described, the cumulative impact of these drivers on the structure and functioning of the Earth System are explored. Although the imprints of human activities are most profound on the land surface and in the atmosphere, significant effects are also discernible in the coastal seas, in the ocean, and-indirectly-in the cryosphere. The perturbations to the carbon cycle by human activities, most notably the burning of fossil fuels, is the most well-known example of change in global biogeochemical cycling over the past two centuries. However, human modification of the nitrogen cycle is arguably even more pervasive, and other biogeochemical cycles, such as the phosphorus and sulfur cycles, have also been significantly altered by human activities. The changes to the planet's biodiversity over the past two centuries have been profound and continue to accelerate; the Earth is now in the midst of its sixth great extinction event. All of these human-driven changes have implications for the climate system, and in turn are affected by changes in the physical climate. The concept of the Anthropocene-the proposal that the Earth has entered a new geological epoch-is a powerful way to understand the many interacting ways in which over six billion humans have collectively become a geophysical force that rivals the great forces of Nature and are now driving accelerating changes to the behavior of the Earth System . 

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“…Representación de la clasificación y distribución genérica de tamaños de los aerosoles. Modificado de Heintzenberg et al, 2003. El análisis de los aerosoles se puede realizar mediante diferentes técnicas. Por un lado se pueden extraer muestras, ya sea en tierra o a bordo de un avión, que pueden ser analizadas in-situ o en laboratorio.…”

Section: Aerosoles Atmosféricosunclassified

Caracterización de las propiedades de los aerosoles en columna en la región subtropical

Fuentes¹

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Tropospheric Aerosols

Cited by 12 publications

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Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study

Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study

Observed trends in Earth System behavior

Caracterización de las propiedades de los aerosoles en columna en la región subtropical

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