Trophic upgrading of food quality by protozoans enhancing copepod growth: role of essential lipids

Breteler, W. C. M. Klein; Schogt, N.; Baas, Marianne; Schouten, Stefan; Kraay, Gijsbert W.

doi:10.1007/s002270050616

Cited by 303 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This matches classic assumptions on larval fish prey selection (Werner and Hall, 1974;Kane, 1984) being coupled to trophic upgrading mechanisms by lower consumer levels (Klein Breteler et al, 1999;Tang and Taal, 2005), as with each component in a trophic chain, e.g. variability in biochemical composition ceases and approaches a constant quality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Trophic flexibility in larvae of two fish species (lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus and dab, Limanda limanda)

Malzahn¹,

Boersma²

2009

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY:We investigated the trophic level of larvae of two fish species (lesser sandeel. Ammodytes marinus, and dab, Limanda limanda) in spring 2004 by means of stable isotope signatures at the Helgoland Roads Station (54°11.18'N and 07°54.00' E). The signatures were contrasted with the spring succession of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton biomass remained low until the middle of April, when a bloom developed. The δ 15 N signature of the seston increased until the bloom started then decreased during the bloom. The δ 15 N of the larvae of both fish species generally followed the development of the baseline, but the decrease in the fishes' trophic level (expressed as the Δδ 15 N) was larger than that of the seston, suggesting that larval fish switched their diet to lower trophic levels. For larval sandeel we found that the switch to feeding on lower trophic levels was accompanied by a decrease in nutritional condition, while this pattern was not apparent in larval dab. Hence, larval sandeel were not able to substitute the lack of high trophic level zooplankton prey with prey originating from lower trophic levels; however, at least the smaller size classes of larval dab could successfully switch diets.Keywords: prey selection, diet switching, optimum foraging, stable isotopes, microzooplankton, niche widths. RESUMEN: FLEXIVILIDAD TRÓFICA EN LARVAS DE DOS ESPECIES DE PECES (AGUACIOSO, AMMODYTES MARINUS-Mediante el análisis de isótopos estables hemos investigado el nivel trófico de las larvas de dos especies de peces (aguacioso, Ammodytes marinus y limanda, Limanda limanda) en la primavera de 2004 en Helgoland Roads Station (54°11.18'N and 07°54.00'E). Estas señales de los isótopos se contrastaron con la sucesión primaveral de fitoplancton y zooplancton. La biomasa de fitoplancton se mantuvo baja hasta mediados de abril, cuando se desarrolló un bloom. El δ 15 N del seston se incrementó hasta que se incició el bloom y disminuyó durante el bloom. El δ 15 N de las larvas de ambas especies siguió de modo general el de la línea de base, pero la disminución en el nivel trófico de los peces (expresada como Δδ 15 N) fue mayor que el del seston, lo que sugiere que las larvas de peces cambiaron su dieta a un nivel trófico inferior. Para las larvas de A. marinus pudimos demostrar que el cambio hacia una alimentación en niveles trófico inferiores fue acompañado por una disminución en el estado nutricional, mientras que este patrón no era evidente en las larvas limanda. Por lo tanto, larvas de A. marinus no fueron capaces de sustituir la falta de zooplancton de alto nivel trófico con presas procedentes de niveles tróficos inferiores, mientras que, al menos las larvas de limanda de las clases de talla menores, cambiaron de dieta con éxito.Palabras clave: selección de presas, cambio de dieta, forrajeo óptimo, isótopos estables, microzooplancton, amplitud de nicho.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Trophic flexibility in larvae of two fish species (lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus and dab, Limanda limanda)

Malzahn¹,

Boersma²

2009

Sci. Mar.

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“…Klein Breteler et al (1999) have suggested that the poor quality of the chlorophycean Dunaliella for the development of marine copepods is due to a sterol deficiency of the alga. Furthermore, they have demonstrated that the chlorophycean food is biochemically upgraded by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina to high-quality copepod food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further on, it was recently demonstrated that sterols with double bonds at 7 and/or 22 ( Figure 1) failed to support development of different grasshopper species and that survival of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana was constrained by the ratio of suitable to unsuitable sterols in their diet (Behmer and Elias, 2000). Consistently, the development of marine copepods was negatively affected by 7 sterols, whereas 5 sterols allowed a rapid development of the copepods (Klein Breteler et al, 1999). Comparable investigations on the structural requirements of freshwater zooplankton with regard to sterols are missing to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Impact of 10 Dietary Sterols on Growth and Reproduction of Daphnia galeata

Martin‐Creuzburg

Elert

2004

J Chem Ecol

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Abstract-In crustaceans, cholesterol is an essential nutrient, which they must directly obtain from their food or by bioconversion from other dietary sterols. Eukaryotic phytoplankton contain a great variety of sterols that differ from cholesterol in having additional substituents or different positions and/or number of double bonds in the side chain or in the sterol nucleus. In this study, we investigated to what extent these structural features affect the growth and reproduction of Daphnia galeata in standardized growth experiments with the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus supplemented with single sterols as food source. The results indicated that 5 (sitosterol, stigmasterol, desmosterol) and 5,7 (7-dehydrocholesterol, ergosterol) sterols meet the nutritional requirements of the daphnids, while the 7 sterol lathosterol supports somatic growth and reproduction to a significantly lower extent than cholesterol. Dihydrocholesterol ( 0 ) and lanosterol ( 8 ) did not improve the growth of D. galeata, and growth was adversely affected by the 4 sterol allocholesterol. Sterols seem to differ in their allocation to somatic growth and reproduction. Thus, structural differences of dietary sterols have pronounced effects on life-history traits of D. galeata.

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“…D. tertiolecta was offered at saturating food concentrations. Thus, the low clearance rate of the smaller pellets produced on D. tertiolecta is most likely caused by the poor nutritional value of this algae for copepods (Koski et al 1998, Klein Breteler et al 1999) making pellets produced on this alga a less attractive food source. Different copepod species may adapt differently to feed on fecal pellets and detritus.…”

Section: Processes Governing the Clearance Of Fecal Pelletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coprophagy and coprorhexy in the copepods Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis: clearance rates and feeding behaviour

Poulsen¹,

Kiørboe²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Decades of sediment trap studies have revealed that zooplankton fecal pellets constitute a much smaller fraction of the sedimentary flux than expected from the abundance of copepods and their anticipated production rates of fecal pellets. The explanation for this is thought to be coprophagy (ingestion) of fecal pellets by copepods. We examined fecal pellet clearance rate of Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis and feeding behaviour of A. tonsa. Pellet clearance rates in A. tonsa and T. longicornis females were similar but low on their own pellets (11 to 22 ml female -1 d -1 ). Our own data together with observations compiled from the literature revealed that copepod fecal pellet clearance rates decrease with increasing relative pellet size and that all species can be described by a common relationship. In A. tonsa, the presence of alternative phytoplankton food increased pellet clearance rate. Direct observations revealed that this was accomplished through the modulating effect of phytoplankton on the feeding behaviour. In the absence of phytoplankton, A. tonsa is nonmotile but perceives sinking fecal pellets at distance. However, only a small fraction of the pellets that came within detection distance elicited an attack. In the presence of phytoplankton food, A. tonsa switched to suspension feeding, and all fecal pellets entrained in the feeding current were encountered. Independent of the feeding mode, fecal pellets were mainly degraded by fragmentation during rejection and only a small fraction was actually ingested (5%). The main impact of A. tonsa on the vertical flux of fecal pellets is therefore through coprorhexy (fragmentation) turning fecal pellets into smaller, slower-sinking particles.

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Trophic upgrading of food quality by protozoans enhancing copepod growth: role of essential lipids

Cited by 303 publications

References 57 publications

Trophic flexibility in larvae of two fish species (lesser sandeel, <i>Ammodytes marinus</i> and dab, <i>Limanda limanda</i>)

Trophic flexibility in larvae of two fish species (lesser sandeel, <i>Ammodytes marinus</i> and dab, <i>Limanda limanda</i>)

Impact of 10 Dietary Sterols on Growth and Reproduction of Daphnia galeata

Coprophagy and coprorhexy in the copepods Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis: clearance rates and feeding behaviour

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