Trophic interaction between copepods and ciliates: effects of prey swimming behavior on predation risk

Broglio, Elisabetta; Johansson, Marcus; Jonsson, Per R.

doi:10.3354/meps220179

Cited by 66 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Alternative explanations for the threefold reduction in the predation rate (Table 2) include morphological differences or differences in swimming behavior (Broglio et al 2001). The free-swimming Eutintinnus sp.…”

Section: Prey Species Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment to suspended particles may improve foraging and reduce predation risk for tintinnid ciliates

Jonsson¹,

Johansson²,

Pierce³

2004

Limnology & Oceanography

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We describe a new behavior of planktonic ciliates. The field-collected tintinnid Eutintinnus inquilinus attached with its lorica to a range of surfaces, including particulate aggregates. Most tintinnids remained attached with the aboral end of their lorica when well fed. On starvation, many tintinnids detached and resumed a free-swimming life. We hypothesize that the adhesive property of the lorica has evolved as an adaptation to attach to suspended aggregates or other seston particles. Attached E. inquilinus have a feeding rate that is 80% higher than freeswimming individuals because of the change in the fluid dynamics of the feeding current for attached E. inquilinus, which leads to steeper velocity gradients and higher flow rates close to the lorica. This mechanism will also operate for swimming suspension feeders attached to smaller particles that significantly increase the hydrodynamic drag. Selection for traits that enhance the velocity gradients in feeding currents of small plankton may be common and may partly shape behavioral patterns and functional morphology. When exposed to the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi, populations of E. inquilinus were less susceptible to predation than another Eutintinnus species of similar morphology but that were entirely free swimming.

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Section: Prey Species Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment to suspended particles may improve foraging and reduce predation risk for tintinnid ciliates

Jonsson¹,

Johansson²,

Pierce³

2004

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…swimming along a curved spiral trajectory; Svensen & Kiørboe 2000, Broglio et al 2001; (3) the prey may switch its swimming behavior (e.g. Kerfoot 1978, Fields & Yen 1997; and (4) the predator may also switch its swimming behavior (e.g.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic signal perception by the copepod Oithona plumifera

Jiang

Paffenhöfer

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Spatio-temporal hydrodynamic signal fields were quantified for ambush-feeding Oithona plumifera females sensing motile Strobilidium ciliates. First, videotaped Oithona-ciliate encounters were image-analyzed to retrieve ciliate trajectories, O. plumifera attack kinematics and reaction distances to the ciliates. Second, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), flow disturbances created by swimming ciliates were examined for 5 common ciliary forcing schemes. Third, using the CFD results and measured ciliate trajectories as inputs, a hydrodynamic model was developed to calculate ciliate-generated hydrodynamic signal patterns for observed encounters. Wide variance was found in measured reaction distances. Good correlations existed between measured predator attack kinematics and measured pre-attack prey locations. Moreover, data analysis showed that O. plumifera preferred small attack angles, presumably to enhance capture success. From hydrodynamic modeling, several distinct spatio-temporal hydrodynamic signal patterns were identified, and estimated hydrodynamic signal strengths immediately prior to attack were all above a minimum required signal level but differed substantially in magnitude. These results support the notion that by monitoring and recognizing the spatio-temporal pattern of ciliate-created flow disturbances, O. plumifera can perceive and project the ciliate's instantaneous location and velocity, and hence precisely time its attack when the ciliate reaches a location where it can most easily be captured. Instead of reacting to a constant signal strength, O. plumifera females adapt their capture behaviors to perceived signal patterns. CFD simulations also revealed species-specific flow patterns and spatial decays in hydrodynamic disturbances created by swimming protists. The predator may use this species-specific information to distinguish among prey species.KEY WORDS: Oithona plumifera · Ciliate · Predator-prey interaction · Hydrodynamic signal perception · Spatio-temporal pattern · Hydrodynamic modeling · Capture difficulty Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 373: [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] 2008 (1) the distance between the predator and the prey may vary with time; (2) the prey may swim at changing speed and/or direction (e.g. swimming along a curved spiral trajectory; Svensen & Kiørboe 2000, Broglio et al. 2001; (3) the prey may switch its swimming behavior (e.g. Kerfoot 1978, Fields & Yen 1997; and (4) the predator may also switch its swimming behavior (e.g. Bundy et al. 1998). Thus, the hydrodynamic signal field should consist of certain spatio-temporal patterns perceived by the predatory copepod. We hypothesize that by monitoring the spatially and temporally varied hydrodynamic signal field (and recognizing the signal patterns), the predatory copepod is able to project the trajectory as well as the instantaneous swimming velocity of the prey, and then to respond accordingly (see also Zare...

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“…A small number of laboratory studies have clearly demonstrated effects of prey motility on copepod predator detectability and/or encounter rates with various zooplankters as prey; i.e. nauplii (Titelman 2001), copepods (Kerfoot 1978, Tiselius et al 1997, cladocerans (Kerfoot 1978) and ciliates (Broglio et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator avoidance by nauplii

Titelman¹,

Kiørboe²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We examined anti-predation strategies in relation to motility patterns for early and late nauplii of 6 species of copepods (Calanus helgolandicus, Centropages typicus, Eurytemora affinis, Euterpina acutifrons, Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis). Remote detection and escape abilities were quantified in siphon flows. Nauplii respond with distinct escape jumps at species-and stagespecific average fluid deformation rates between 0.5 and 4.2 s -1, and escape with average velocities corresponding to ~60 to 130 body lengths s -1 . Most of the species and stages orient their escape jumps upwards and also away from the flow, and are thus able to assess direction of flow. Sensitivity to hydrodynamic signals is tightly linked to the general motility pattern. Hydrodynamically conspicuous nauplii that move in a jump-sink pattern are more effective at remotely detecting predators than are continuous swimmers of similar size. We assessed the effects of different motility strategies in terms of detectability and volume encounter with copepod predators by means of simple hydrodynamic models. While jump-sink type nauplii may be at an advantage over swimmers in interactions with sinking and attacking ambush predators, models suggest no immediate relative benefit in terms of escaping flows of filtering copepods. We discuss these predictions in relation to copepod feeding rates.KEY WORDS: Copepod · Nauplii · Escape jump · Predator avoidance · Behavior · Motility · Hydrodynamic signals · Remote detection · Predator-prey interaction · Volume encounter rates · Encounter rates Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Trophic interaction between copepods and ciliates: effects of prey swimming behavior on predation risk

Cited by 66 publications

References 17 publications

Attachment to suspended particles may improve foraging and reduce predation risk for tintinnid ciliates

Attachment to suspended particles may improve foraging and reduce predation risk for tintinnid ciliates

Hydrodynamic signal perception by the copepod Oithona plumifera

Predator avoidance by nauplii

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