Trivalent metal ions in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehyde treated biological tissues. Is there a chemical correlation?

Controlled Release of Ferric-Magnesium Ions From Chitosan/Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate Comatrix for Preventing Pericardial Calcification

“…Investigations into the use of trivalent metal ions as anticalci® cation agents were prompted by reports that some patients undergoing hemodialysis for renal failure developed osteomalacia caused by the deposition of Al 3+ in bone as a trace contaminant (Tan et al 1993). Further studies have shown that preincubation of glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium with Al 3+ or Fe 3+ effectively inhibited pathologic calci® cation in the long-term rat subdermal model (Webb et al 1991;Pathak et al 1990).…”

“…The present observations also support this hypothesis, proposing the inhibition of GABP associated calci® cation by these metal ions. Tan et al (1993) compared certain trivalent metal ions in the prevention of calci® cation in glutaraldehyde-treated biological tissues. The results suggested a synergy of three factorsÐ high charge, small radius, and effective positive chargeÐ to be necessary for anticalci® cation behavior of trivalent metal ions.…”

The efficacy of a dual anticalcification agent treatment in the prevention of calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine pericardium

“…However, the histology of both samples show the brown discoloration typical of Fe 3+ [12]. The difference is possibly accounted for by considering that treatment E does remove phospholipids similar to SDS and therefore the same explanation about Fe 3+ retention can be invoked.…”

“…Predominant among the strategies are the use of chemical-based agents that are postulated to interrupt various points of the mineralization events [9]. Chemicals reported to show encouraging results in the prevention of calcification in small animal models include metal ions such as Fe 3 + and A13 + [, [10][11][12][13], surfactants such as triton X, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Tween 80 [, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and the diphosphonates [23]. The mechanism of anticalcification action of Fe 3 + is believed to be in competition with calcium in the binding of phosphates thereby reducing the formation of calcium phosphate crystals.…”

Inhibition of Bioprosthesis Calcification Due to Synergistic Effect of Fe/Mg Ions to Polyethylene Glycol Grafted Bovine Pericardium

“…Tan et al [25] compared certain trivalent metal ions in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehyde-treated biological tissues. The result suggested a synergy of three factors high b charge, small radius effective positive charge to be necessary for anticalcification behavior of trivalent metal ions.…”