Trivalent metal ion sensor enabled bioimaging and quantification of vaccine-deposited Al³⁺in lysosomes

Abstract

The deposition of extracellular metallic debris occurs at well known 'recycle bin' of the cells named lysosomes. The pile-up of unwanted metal ions can cause dysfunction of hydrolyzing enzymes and...

Review on Lysosomal Metal Ion Detection Using Fluorescent Probes

“…In addition to this, recently, Koner and co-workers synthesized a series of rhodamine-benzaldehyde/acetophenone-based hybrid moieties as aqueous soluble trivalent metal ion sensors Rh-A, Rh-B, and Rh-A-Mor (26) as shown in Figure 13c. 32 In solution, all three probes selectively detected trivalent metal ions such as Al 3+ , In 3+ , Ga 3+ , and Fe 3+ through a "turn-on" colorimetric and fluorometric response. Considering the higher intake of aluminum by living organisms through dietary and medicinal sources, the authors considered Al 3+ as a model trivalent metal ion to perform comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic studies.…”

“…The accumulation of unwanted aluminum retards the functions of the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 32 Surprisingly, the aluminum adjuvants used in vaccinations cause a massive burden to mankind. At the suborganelle level, aluminum deposits at the lysosomal compartments of the cell.…”