Tritium diffusion in pseudo-monocrystal graphite, observed with a tritium imaging camera

Kushita, Kouhei N.; Youle, I.S.; Haasz, A.A.; Sawicki, J.

doi:10.1016/0022-3115(91)90069-j

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Some studies conclude that short range atomic diffusion of hydrogen through the graphite lattice occurs at high temperatures (>1270 K) mainly along the basal planes [453,458]. Recent measurements of CFC tiles from the JET divertor showed surprisingly large fractions of tritium in the bulk [459].…”

Section: Bulk Transport Of Hydrogen In Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors

et al. 2001

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The major increase in discharge duration and plasma energy in a next step DT fusion reactor will give rise to important plasma-material effects that will critically influence its operation, safety and performance. Erosion will increase to a scale of several centimetres from being barely measurable at a micron scale in today's tokamaks. Tritium co-deposited with carbon will strongly affect the operation of machines with carbon plasma facing components. Controlling plasma-wall interactions is critical to achieving high performance in present day tokamaks, and this is likely to continue to be the case in the approach to practical fusion reactors. Recognition of the important consequences of these phenomena stimulated an internationally co-ordinated effort in the field of plasma-surface interactions supporting the Engineering Design Activities of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project (ITER), and significant progress has been made in better understanding these issues. The paper reviews the underlying physical processes and the existing experimental database of plasma-material interactions both in tokamaks and laboratory simulation facilities for conditions of direct relevance to next step fusion reactors. Two main topical groups of interaction are considered: (i) erosion/redeposition from plasma sputtering and disruptions, including dust and flake generation and (ii) tritium retention and removal. The use of modelling tools to interpret the experimental results and make projections for conditions expected in future devices is explained. Outstanding technical issues and specific recommendations on potential R&D avenues for their resolution are presented.

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Section: Bulk Transport Of Hydrogen In Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies conclude that short-range atomic diffusion of hydrogen through the graphite lattice occurs at high temperatures (>1270 K) mainly along the basal planes [447,452].…”

Section: Bulk Transport Of Hydrogen In Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors

et al. 2001

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“…PyC had a permeability much lower than refractory metals, so it could be an excellent tritium barrier, if durable fabrication techniques could be developed. Kechkhuashvili et al (1990) Kushita et al (1991) implanted tritium in graphite pseudo-monocrystals and observed its motion with an electron imaging camera. They deduced a diffusion coefficient of 2x1 0-1 ern% at T > 1775 K. They concluded that tritium implanted in graphite with large crystal grains may be retained even after heating to 1975 K for prolonged periods, in contrast to release from small grains at lower temperatures.…”

Section: Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of database for interaction of tritium with ITER plasma facing materials

Dolan¹,

Anderl²

1994

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“…[1][2][3][4] The focusing of secondary electrons is feasible because of their small range ͑0-10 eV͒ of energies, while the focusing of the primary ␤ particles, with their 0-18.6 keV energy spread, would be vastly more difficult. The pathlengths of the primary betas are dependent on their energies and on the material through which they travel ͑e.g., Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tritium depth dependence of tritium imaging

Youle

Haasz

2001

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Tritium diffusion in pseudo-monocrystal graphite, observed with a tritium imaging camera

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors

Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors

Assessment of database for interaction of tritium with ITER plasma facing materials

Tritium depth dependence of tritium imaging

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