“…In building manufacturing networks to respond to unprecedented demands for vaccines, developers have transferred technology to partners around the globe. While the extent of technology transfer partnerships between COVID-19 vaccine developers in the Global North and local pharmaceutical companies in the Global South has been the subject of considerable debate, lauded by some for its extent and criticized by others for its limits ( Maxmen, 2021 , Cheng and Hinnant, 2021 , McMahon, 2021 , Schultz, 2021 , Yamey et al, 2022 , Jensen et al, 2022 ), the reliance on this approach to scaling-up production is unquestionably a defining feature of the pandemic ( Bown and Bollyky, 2022 , Fu et al, 2022 , Maxmen, 2021 , Krishtel and Hassan, 2021 , McMahon, 2021 , Mermelstein and Stevens, 2022 , Schultz, 2021 , Yamey et al, 2022 , Santiago, 2020 , O’Sullivan et al, 2020 , World Health Organization, 2021b ).…”