Triplet–triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems

Naimovičius, Lukas; Bharmoria, Pankaj; Moth‐Poulsen, Kasper

doi:10.1039/d3qm00069a

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…1–10 For sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) typically a light-harvesting unit (sensitizer) that introduces the possibility to populate a triplet state is combined with an annihilator, that is after energy transfer able to convert these two excited triplet states by triplet–triplet annihilation to one singlet state with higher energy. 11–14 In recent years, different systems were successfully designed to enhance the sTTA-UC efficiency by using a mediated energy transfer approach (Fig. 1a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Glaser,

Schmitz,

Kerzig

2024

Nanoscale

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Glaser,

Schmitz,

Kerzig

2024

Nanoscale

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“…By interfacing molecular materials having long-lived triplet excitons and solid crystals, we can engineer new behaviors, potentially revolutionizing fields such as photovoltaics, photodetection, sensing, and optical information processing . Numerous studies have integrated the photon upconversion system to improve the photovoltaic response, in the form of liquid and solid-state layers. ,− Most of these studies have primarily targeted the upconversion in infrared and visible spectra with less emphasis on the UV region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Light-Assisted Charge Extraction in High-Band-Gap SrTiO₃ through the Integration of a Triplet Sensitizer–Emitter Thin Film

Jie,

Ahmad,

Mohmad

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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A challenge in PV designs, including those with an electron transport layer (ETL), is the presence of 'parasitic absorbers'. These are layers that absorb light without significantly converting it to electrical current, impacting the total external quantum efficiency (EQE). Strontium titanate (STO), a high-band-gap (3.20 eV) perovskite metal oxide, holds promise as an electron transport layer (ETL) for solar energy harvesting. Despite STO's potential, it primarily operates in the UV spectrum, not fully utilizing the broader light range, and hence can be the source of parasitic absorbers. In this study, we report a significant enhancement in the EQE of STO through the integration of a triplet sensitizer−emitter (TSE) system, designed to upconvert the visible spectrum into UV light and improve the charge extraction from STO. The TSE system uses carbazolyl dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as a sensitizer and p-terphenyl (TP) as an emitter. To investigate the EQE of such a system, we fabricate STO as a PV cell. The revised PV cell architecture (ITO/TiO 2 /STO/TSE/PEDOT:PSS/Al) is a modification of the conventional configurations (ITO/TiO 2 /STO/PEDOT:PSS/Al). With the TSE thin film, the modified STO PV cell shows better charge extraction under sunlight compared to the standard STO PV cell, indicating that the upconversion process can enhance the hole conductions from STO to PEDOT:PSS through the TSE system. We noted an EQE increase with intense light of λ > 345 nm in thicker TSE layers and a decrease in the EQE under similar light intensity in thinner TSE layers. The Kelvin probe force measurement (KPFM) data showed that the TSE layer receives holes from STO under illumination. Additionally, time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) experiments showed that the TSE/STO thin film is able to produce UV emission after irradiation with lower energy light. Then, the EQE variation in thicker TSE layers under intense irradiation can be attributed to the solid-state upconversion, indicating its thickness-dependent performance. These findings underline the strategies for maximizing the utilization of the solar spectrum in PV applications.

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“…Besides, f is also modified by the molecular structure and orientations upon coupling of two triplets. 50…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum Dot-Sensitized Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion for Solar Energy Conversion and beyond

Huang,

Tung,

2024

Acc. Mater. Res.

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Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations CONSPECTUS:The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Aleksey Ekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots (QDs). Since the discovery of QDs in 1980s, endeavors have been put to improve synthetic strategies of QDs with controllable sizes, crystal structures, and surfaces. With the development of about half a century, QDs have been used in multiple optoelectronic applications, which are based on the conversion between one photon and one exciton. In this case, photons with energies lower than the bandgap cannot be absorbed by semiconductors. For example, solar cells or photocatalysts are transparent to sub-bandgap near-infrared (NIR) light in the solar spectrum, rendering a transmission loss. Photon upconversion (PUC), the combination of multiple low-energy photons to a high-energy one, plays a critical role in reshaping the solar spectrum and mitigating the transmission energy loss. Among different strategies to achieve PUC, QD sensitized triplet− triplet annihilation PUC exhibits high response to solar irradiation, which makes it an ideal strategy for solar energy conversion.Here, we introduce QD-sensitized triplet−triplet annihilation PUC and emphasize how this strategy is applied in solar energy conversion. This Account starts with the introduction of QDs acting as active materials to directly convert light to electricity and chemical bonds due to the strong light absorptivity, the flexible and tunable surface chemistry, and the capability of accommodating and transferring multiple electrons/holes. Then we move on to QD-sensitized triplet−triplet annihilation PUC which can upconvert NIR photons under one-sun condition. We discuss the deconvolution of the total QY of PUC into the efficiencies of triplet energy transfer from QD sensitizers to organic emitters, the triplet−triplet annihilation, and the singlet emission of emitters. Next, we summarize the progress in PUC-enhanced photovoltaics and photochemical reactions. For photovoltaics, we introduce two examples that can upconvert light beyond 1100 nm, which makes it possible to couple PUC with Si-based solar cells. For photochemical reactions, the discussion is separated into visible-to-ultraviolet PUC for ultraviolet light-triggered reactions and NIR-to-visible PUC for visible light-triggered reactions. In the last section, we point out challenges and future directions in this field. For example, the low QY of solid-state PUC and strong reabsorption must be overcome for photovoltaic application, and more types of PUC-assisted continued...

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Triplet–triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems

Abstract: Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such...

Cited by 18 publications

References 140 publications

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Visible Light-Assisted Charge Extraction in High-Band-Gap SrTiO₃ through the Integration of a Triplet Sensitizer–Emitter Thin Film

Quantum Dot-Sensitized Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion for Solar Energy Conversion and beyond

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Triplet–triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems

Abstract: Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such...

Cited by 18 publications

References 140 publications

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion in solution

Visible Light-Assisted Charge Extraction in High-Band-Gap SrTiO3 through the Integration of a Triplet Sensitizer–Emitter Thin Film

Quantum Dot-Sensitized Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion for Solar Energy Conversion and beyond

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Visible Light-Assisted Charge Extraction in High-Band-Gap SrTiO₃ through the Integration of a Triplet Sensitizer–Emitter Thin Film