Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. The diagnostic and subtyping of TNBC tumors are essential to determine the treatment alternatives and establish personalized, targeted medications for every TNBC individual. Currently, TNBC is diagnosed via a two-step procedure of imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC), which are operator-dependent and potentially time-consuming. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of rapid and advanced technologies to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of TNBC. This review discusses the overview of breast cancer with emphasis on TNBC subtypes and the current diagnostic approaches of TNBC along with its challenges. Most importantly, we have presented several promising strategies that can be utilized as future TNBC diagnostic modalities and simultaneously enhance the efficacy of TNBC diagnostic.

Vorinostat (SAHA) and Breast Cancer: An Overview

“…The relapse rate in TNBC patients is higher compared to other subtypes. Due to the lack of critical molecular targets, the treatment of TNBC is very limited and chemotherapy remains the first choice of therapy [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Circular RNA hsa_circ_0044234 as distinct molecular signature of triple negative breast cancer: a potential regulator of GATA3

“…TNBC is recognized as a subtype of BC with high rates of metastasis rate and poor prognosis. Furthermore, relative to other subtypes, treatment strategies for these patients are limited, and disease management remains a challenge [ 25 ]. As a result, the implementation of rapid and innovative strategies to increase the diagnostic performance of TNBC is essential.…”

Periostin Short Fragment with Exon 17 via Aberrant Alternative Splicing Is Required for Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis

“…Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype with no targeted therapy because patients with TNBC are negative for the estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. TNBC occurs in approximately 10-15% of patients with breast cancer [9]. It is unclear why several reports have indicated that POSTN is highly expressed in metastatic cancers [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”