Triple-Antiretroviral Prophylaxis to Prevent Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission through Breastfeeding—The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study, Kenya: A Clinical Trial

Thomas, Timothy K.; Masaba, Rose; Borkowf, Craig B.; Ndivo, Richard; Zeh, Clement; Misore, Ambrose; Otieno, Juliana A.; Jamieson, Denise J.; Thigpen, Michael C.; Bulterys, Marc; Slutsker, Laurence; Cock, Kevin M. De; Amornkul, Pauli N.; Greenberg, Alan E.; Fowler, Mary Glenn

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001015

Cited by 165 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Plasma and DBS samples were obtained from HIV-1-positive mothers and children enrolled in the Kisumu Breastfeeding Study (KiBS), which assessed the efficacy of combined ART, mainly either nevirapine (NVP) with zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC) or nelfinavir (NFV) with AZT and 3TC given from 34 weeks into the gestation period through 6 months postpartum for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) (34). These included 39 samples from mothers collected at 6 months postpartum after at least 6 months on ART and 29 samples from infants exposed to maternal ART through breast milk.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of a Broadly Sensitive HIV-1 In-House Genotyping Assay for Use with both Plasma and Dried Blood Spot Specimens in a Resource-Limited Country

et al. 2013

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c HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) assays are important tools in clinical management of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and surveillance of drug-resistant variants at population levels. The high cost associated with commercial assays hinders their use in resource-limited settings. We adopted and validated a low-cost in-house assay using 68 matched plasma and dried blood spot (DBS) samples with a median viral load (VL) of 58,187 copies/ml, ranging from 253 to 3,264,850 against the commercial assay ViroSeq. Results indicated that the in-house assay not only had a higher plasma genotyping rate than did ViroSeq (94% versus 78%) but also was able to genotype 89.5% (51/57) of the matched DBS samples with VLs of >1,000 copies/ml. The sensitivity in detecting DR mutations by the in-house assay was 98.29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97.86 to 98.72) on plasma and 96.54 (95% CI, 95.93 to 97.15) on DBS, and the specificity was 99.97% (95% CI, 99.91 to 100.00) for both sample types compared to ViroSeq. The minor DR mutation differences detected by the in-house assay against ViroSeq did not result in clinical significance. In addition, cost analysis showed that the in-house assay could reduce the genotyping cost by about 60% for both plasma and DBS compared to ViroSeq. This field condition evaluation highlights the potential utility of a cost-effective, subtype-independent, in-house genotyping assay using both plasma and DBS specimens for HIVDR clinical monitoring and population-based surveillance in resource-limited settings.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of a Broadly Sensitive HIV-1 In-House Genotyping Assay for Use with both Plasma and Dried Blood Spot Specimens in a Resource-Limited Country

et al. 2013

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“…Although the country has universal testing for pregnant women, where 90% of women who attended antenatal care received their results, only half of pregnant women who were infected received antiretroviral (ARV) treatment during breastfeeding to reduce transmission risks (National AIDS Control Council (Kenya), 2014). Breastfeeding is crucial for an infant's development and the need for ARVs in HIV infected mothers during this period is imperative to reduce mother to child transmission (Thomas et al, 2011). However, it is evident that resources and availability of ARVs could hinder this and place infants at risk.…”

Section: Hiv and Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Algae for Africa: Microalgae as a source of food, feed and fuel in Kenya

Moejes¹,

Moejes²

2017

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms that inhabit diverse ecological habitats ranging from freshwater and brackish water to seawater and wastewater. They are also especially equipped to thrive in extreme temperatures and pH conditions. Decades of research have highlighted their potential as sources of biofuels, foods, feeds and high-value bio-actives. However, industrial-scale cultivation of microalgae is still not being carried out to its full potential. This review aims to shed light on the potential of microalgal-derived food, feed and fuel in developing countries and to what extent microalgae could be applied to sustainable development efforts with a special focus on Kenya. The Kenyan government has set out a development policy termed 'Kenya Vision 2030' that aims to transform the nation into a newly industrialised country with a high quality of life for all its people by the year 2030. Here we show that, not only does Kenya lie in an optimal geographical region for microalgal cultivation, but that microalgae has the capability to fulfil some of the 'Kenya Vision 2030' goals.

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“…Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been recommended for HIV-1-infected women during pregnancy and breast-feeding and for infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers (16,34,36), but access to effective ART in resource-poor settings still remains limited. Passive immunization of human HIV-1-specific neutralizing serum and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has been shown to afford protection against oral exposure to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in neonatal rhesus monkeys (12,15,32,39), but this approach is not practical for widespread use in the developing world.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Heterologous Adenovirus Prime-Boost SIV Vaccine in Neonatal Rhesus Monkeys

Liu

Iampietro

et al. 2012

J Virol

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A pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine would be desirable to protect infants against HIV-1 transmission from breast-feeding. Such a vaccine would need to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces in neonates as soon as possible after birth. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors have been shown to elicit potent systemic and mucosal virus-specific immune responses in adult nonhuman primates and humans, but these vectors have not previously been comprehensively studied in infants. In this study, we demonstrate that a single injection of rAd26 encoding simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) Gag on the day of birth elicited detectable Gag-specific cellular immune responses in rhesus monkeys, but these responses were transient and waned quickly. In contrast, an accelerated heterologous prime-boost regimen involving administration of rAd35 at birth and rAd26 at 4 weeks of life elicited potent and durable Gag-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in neonatal rhesus monkeys, including mucosal responses that remained detectable at 1 year of age. These results suggest the potential of an accelerated heterologous rAd prime-boost regimen as a candidate HIV-1 vaccine for newborns.

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Triple-Antiretroviral Prophylaxis to Prevent Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission through Breastfeeding—The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study, Kenya: A Clinical Trial

Abstract: Timothy Thomas and colleagues report the results of the Kisumu breastfeeding study (Kenya), a single-arm trial that assessed the feasibility and safety of a triple-antiretroviral regimen to suppress maternal HIV load in late pregnancy.

Cited by 165 publications

References 18 publications

Field Evaluation of a Broadly Sensitive HIV-1 In-House Genotyping Assay for Use with both Plasma and Dried Blood Spot Specimens in a Resource-Limited Country

Field Evaluation of a Broadly Sensitive HIV-1 In-House Genotyping Assay for Use with both Plasma and Dried Blood Spot Specimens in a Resource-Limited Country

Algae for Africa: Microalgae as a source of food, feed and fuel in Kenya

Accelerated Heterologous Adenovirus Prime-Boost SIV Vaccine in Neonatal Rhesus Monkeys

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