Triplaris americana L. (Polygonaceae), a New Host Plant For Aethalion reticulatum (Linnaeus, 1767) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae)

Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) tree shows applicability in programs to recover degraded areas due to its fast-growing, rustic, pioneer species, with the potential to fix nitrogen. However, this plant is attacked by pests. It is important to know, among them, the most important. This study aims to evaluate the herbivorous insects (loss sources) and their natural enemies (solution sources) on 48 A. mangium saplings. They were classified according to their ability to damage or reduce the source of damage on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The loss sources Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), and Tropidacris collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The solution sources Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The number of Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was reduced per number of Brachymyrmex sp.; that of T. collaris those of Oxyopidae and Brachymyrmex sp.; and that of Tettigoniidae that of P. termitarius, totaling 8.93% of reduction of these herbivorous insects (numbers) on A. mangium saplings. These herbivorous insects turn into problems in commercial plantations of this plant since to are related to pests in some crops. These tending ants and Oxyopidae can be important on A. mangium commercial crops because they can reduce the number of these herbivorous insects.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Arthropods as possible loss or solution sources on Acacia mangium (Fabales: Fabaceae) saplings

Leite

2023

“…(Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), and bitterleaf Vernonia condensata Baker (Asterales: Asteraceae) (De Menezes et al, 2013;Pires et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2020;Gomes et al, 2023;Lima et al, 2024) 2020); on pastures and forests in Greece, and in A. auriculiformis saplings in a degraded area in Brazil, being directly correlated with Orthoptera (Zografou et al, 2017;Mota et al, 2023); in many agroecosystems in the USA (Landis et al, 2000) and Italy (Venturino et al, 2008); and in 12 agricultural landscapes in the low mountain ranges of Central Hesse (Germany) (Öberg et al, 2008). Moreover, ants can reduce defoliation and fruit-boring insect populations (e.g., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) (Leite et al, 2012a;Gonthier et al, 2013;Fagundes et al, 2017, Dassou et al 2019) besides, they are bioindicators of the recovery of degraded areas (Sanchez, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percentage of importance indice-production unknown: loss and solution sources identification on system

Leite

2024

Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.

“…and of the pollinator T. spinipes can be explained by the first two being pests in different cultures (polyphages) which may be feeding and reproducing on A. mangium saplings, confirming the third hypothesis (k-dominance of polyphagous pest insects or omnivorous insects will be greatest). The others are protocooperating sap-sucking insects, such as A. reticulatum, a pest that reduces the development of fruits and sprouts, leading to hypertrophy and cracks in the apex of seedlings and possibly killing plants of Erythrina speciosa (Andrews, 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) (Araújo et al, 2010;Zanuncio et al, 2015) in addition to damaging those of A. mangium, Triplaris americana (L., 1759) (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae) and Vernonia condensata (Baker, 1875) (Asterales: Asteraceae) (Menezes et al, 2013;Pires et al, 2014;Silva et al, 2020). The whitefly B. tabaci transmits viruses to agricultural plants such as Cucumis melo (L., 1753) (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) (Felicio et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthropod fauna on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) leaves

Gomes

Leite²,

Soares

et al. 2023

Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a fast growing, rustic, pioneer species, with potential to fix nitrogen, and for programs to recover degraded areas. The objective was to evaluate the distribution and the functional diversity of interactions and the K-dominance of arthropod groups on A. mangium saplings. The number of individuals of eleven species of phytophagous insects, three bee species, and fourteen natural enemy species were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of this plant. Abundance, diversity and species richness of phytophagous insects and natural enemies, and abundance and species richness of pollinators were highest on the adaxial A. mangium leaf surface. The distribution of five species of sap-sucking hemipterans and six of protocooperating ants (Hymenoptera), with positive interaction between these groups, and three bee species (Hymenoptera) were aggregated on leaves of A. mangium saplings. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) and Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. and Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most dominant phytophagous insects, natural enemies, and pollinators, respectively, on A. mangium leaves. Knowledge of preferred leaf surfaces could help integrated pest management programs.