Trinitromethyl Energetic Groups Enhance High Heats of Detonation

Abstract

The introduction of groups with high enthalpies of formation can effectively improve the detonation performance of the compounds. A series of novel energetic compounds (10–13) with high enthalpies of formation, high density, and high nitrogen–oxygen content were designed and synthesized by combining gem-polynitromethyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, furoxan, and azo groups. All the new compounds were thoroughly characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 10 and 11 were also further characterized with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 11 has high density (1.93 g cm–3), high enthalpy of formation (993.5 kJ mol–1), high detonation velocity (9411 m s–1), and high heat of detonation (6889 kJ kg–1) and is a potentially excellent secondary explosive.

Preparation of Highly Energetic Coordination Compounds with Rich Oxidants and Lower Sensitivity Based on Methyl Groups

“…To find attractive candidates for use in energy materials, modifying the functional groups is a judicious choice. Methyl group can be easily converted to carboxylic groups (−COOH), cyanide (−CN), chloroxime (–C­(Cl)­NOH), aminoxime (–C­(NH 2 )­NOH), and hydrazide (−CONHNH 2 ). − Using these functional groups as intermediate scaffolds under different reaction conditions can lead to the synthesis of different types of oxygen- and nitrogen-rich heterocyclic frameworks, such as triazoles, tetrazoles, oxadiazoles, and dioxadiazoles. A large number of energetic bonds −C–N–, −N–N–, –NN–, etc., in their structures, enhance the high heat of formation, density, and oxygen balance, thus improving the overall performance of the nitrogen-rich parent skeleton. − Although there is a lack of a clear rule on the rational synthesis of such ideal energetic compounds, reasonable arrangement of oxidizing or energetic groups (–N 3 , –ONO 2 , –NO 2 , –NHNO 2 , etc.)…”

Pushing the limits of the heat of detonation via the construction of polynitro bipyrazole

“…j Ref. [12], detonation velocity, detonation pressure and heat of detonation are recalculated using EXPLO5 V6.05.…”

“…Hence, the trinitromethyl moiety is an excellent oxygen carrier that can provide sufficient oxygen for intramolecular combustion. [10][11][12] In Fig. 1a some trinitromethylsubstituted energetic compounds are given, which exhibit excellent detonation velocities and detonation pressures as well as high heats of detonation.…”

Thermal stability of azole-rich energetic compounds: their structure, density, enthalpy of formation and energetic properties

“…15a, the synthesis strategies of molecular modification can improve both the thermal stability and density of compounds. 172 In addition, the inclusion of metal ions in EMOFs significantly increases their density, with some reaching up to 2.0 g cm −3 . The fraction with T d ≥ 250 °C and d < 1.85 g cm −3 accounts for 28%, with bridge compounds being the major component.…”