Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole Exposure Alters Ex Vivo Function of B Lymphocytes Isolated from Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected Patients Receiving Zidovudine

Abstract

Although these data were affected by limitations in power and study design, they suggest that peripheral B-lymphocyte function is altered as a result of TMP-SMX exposure in HIV-infected patients concurrently receiving zidovudine. Further study of this effect is warranted.

Altered Memory T-Cell Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination and Altered Cytokine Responses to Polyclonal Stimulation in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Kenyan Infants

“…Our contrasting results with previous reports may be explained through differential exposures to cotrimoxazole which was given to HEU infants prophylactically but not to HU infants. This may have reduced bacterial infections in HEU infants and, coupled with the anti-inflammatory properties of cotrimoxazole [ 38 ], had an impact on CD4 T-cell activation and PD-1 expression. However, the low levels of CD4 T cell activation and the similarities in median CD8 T cell activation between groups indicate that factors other than differential cotrimoxazole exposure may play a prominent role in modulation of T cell activation in this setting.…”

“…The possible immunomodulatory effects of cotrimoxazole may therefore remain a factor that impacts HEU infant immune function. However, the limited data that exists on the effect of cotrimoxazole on T-cell function in humans indicates negligible effects on T cell number[ 53 ], proliferation, and IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α secretion following mitogen stimulation[ 38 ]. We therefore consider differential cotrimoxazole prophylaxis to have a limited impact on the findings presented here.…”