Triglycerides of Crude Palm Oil to Biokerosene: Studies on Electrolysis and Electromagnetic Effect

Abstract

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is a potential feedstock for biokerosene. However, it is problematic when used directly because it is gummy, has a high viscosity and is degradable. Various conversion processes have been conducted that directly convert CPO into biokerosene, but it requires high temperature and pressure. Therefore, as a novelty, this study aims to develop the technology for converting triglycerides into biokerosene under relatively low operating conditions and producing similar petroleum kerosene by electrolysis-assisted and electromagnetic induction. In this study, the conversion technology process was conducted in three steps (i) converting triglycerides to Free Fatty Acids (FFA), (ii) converting FFA to alkanes, and (iii) converting alkanes to biokerosene. Step (ii) is assisted by the electrolysis process, meanwhile, step (iii) is assisted by electromagnetic irradiation. The finding showed that electrolysis obtained 73.47% yield of alkanes and electromagnetic irradiation obtained 78.02% yield of biokerosene. Biokerosene is almost close to kerosene-based petroleum in terms of colour Saybolt, flash point and Net Heating Value. The findings of this study may provide an alternate technology approach for biokerosene synthesis and solution kerosene scarcity.

The effectiveness of the multi-soil-layering system in reducing pollutant parameters of crumb rubber industrial wastewater

“…The discharge of untreated wastewater into waterways or rivers causes water pollution, which has a negative impact on human life [3], [4]. With the new global trend toward sustainable development, the industry must focus on cleaner production technologies, wastewater reduction and minimization, water recycling and utilization, and resource recovery [5], [6], [7]. The crumb rubber industries produce wastewater of an average of 50-100 m 3 /hour after a chemical treatment process.…”